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Tarot History Forum

Tarot History Forum - 600 years of history in 78 cards

Re: Giovanni di Domenico (c. 1420 - after 1498)

11
Here is Labriola:
À mon avis, le jeu de la BnF présente des affinités avec les œuvres réalisées par Apollonio di Giovanni vers 1460 ou peu après, et peut-être confronté notamment avec son activité dans le domaine de l'illustration de livres. Les types et les physionomies des personnages (les formes carrées entourées d'un trait épais, les bouches rouges proéminentes, l'expressivité accentuée) font écho à ceux peints par Apollonio dans son manuscrit enluminé le plus fastueux, qui contient les trois poèmes de Virgile (les BucoIiques, les Géorgiques et l’Enéid) 31. À titre d'exemple, citons les dames du cortège figuran sur la carte de l'Amoureux, identiques aux élégantes du manuscrit virgilien (f. 7zr) (fig. 9), le soldat debout sur le Chariot peu différent de la représentation d'Achille traînant le corps d'Hector (f. 70r) (cat,25, fig. 10), et les [start p. 121] jeunes gens se moquant du Fou qui rappellent le serviteur visible au premier plan du Banquet de Didon (f. 75r) (fig. 6,11) 32. Les comparaisons peuvent s'étendre à un autre manuscrit des Triomphes de Pétrarque peint par Apollonio 33. Parmi les nombreuses analogies que l'on peut relever, on notera la similitude entre les visages des anges musiciens avec le tuba du Jugement et ceux de l'enluminure du Triomphe de l'Eternité (f. 46r) (fig. 7, 12) 34.

Le peintre des cartes à jouer est vraisemblablement un collaborateur d'atelier. Les ressemblances avec le jeu Rothschild, et surtout avec l'exemplaire de Catane et Palerme, montrent que le partage de techniques et de modèles était pratique courante parmi les artistes du borgo Santi Apostoli. À cet égard, on peut supposer que Marco del Buono (associé de Lo Scheggia, puis d'Apollonio) fut une figure clé de l'organisation du travail en qualité d'intermédiaire entre les différents peintres.
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31. Florence, Bîblioteca Riccardiana, Ricc. 492.
32. Lazzi 2006, p.44-51; Labriola 2012, p. 105, fig. 76-77, 112. Le manuscrit virgilien fut signé par le copiste florentin « Nicolaus Riccïus Spinosus « c'est-a-dire Niccolà de' Riccî.
33. Florence, Biblioteca Riccardiana, Ricc. 1129.
34. Le manuscrit Ricc. 1129 a été rapproché de la commande du Florentin Agnolo di Lorenzo della Stufa, riche marchand et fidèle allié des Médicis, entre 1459 et 1461: Callmann 1974, p. 35-36, 58, note 3. Son écriture a été attribuée au copiste anonyme «de l'Eusèbe de Barcelone. » Voir de la Mare 1985a, I, p. 541.

(In my opinion, the BnF deck has affinities with the works produced by Apollonio di Giovanni around 1460 or shortly after, and perhaps in particular with his activity in the field of book illustration. The types and physiognomies of the figures (the square shapes surrounded by a thick line, the prominent red mouths, the accentuated expressiveness) echo those painted by Apollonius in his most sumptuous illuminated manuscript, which contains the three poems of Virgil (the Bucolics, the Georgics and the Aeneid) 31. For example, let us cite the ladies of the procession appearing on the card of the Lovers, identical to the elegant ones of the Virgilian manuscript (f. 72r) (fig. 9), the soldier standing on the Chariot not very different from the representation of Achilles dragging the body of Hector (f. 70r) (cat. 25, fig. 10), and the [start p. 121] young people mocking the Fool, reminiscent of the servant visible in the foreground of Dido's Banquet (f. 75r) (fig. 6, 11). 32 The comparisons can be extended to another manuscript of Petrarch's Triumphs painted by Apollonio. 33 Among the many analogies that can be noted, we note the similarity between the faces of the musician angels with the trumpet in the Judgment and those in the illumination of the Triumph of Eternity (f. 46r) (fig. 7, 12). 34

The painter of the playing cards was likely a workshop collaborator. The similarities with the Rothschild deck, and especially with the Catania and Palermo copy, show that the sharing of techniques and models was common practice among the artists of the Borgo Santi Apostoli. In this regard, we can assume that Marco del Buono (associate of Lo Scheggia, then of Apollonio) was a key figure in the organization of the work as an intermediary between the different painters.
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31. Florence, Bîblioteca Riccardiana, Ricc. 492.
32. Lazzi 2006, p.44-51; Labriola 2012, p. 105, fig. 76-77, 112. The Virgilian manuscript was signed by the Florentine copyist “Nicolaus Riccïus Spinosus” that is to say Niccolà de' Riccî.
33. Florence, Biblioteca Riccardiana, Ricc. 1129.
34. The manuscript Ricc.1129 has been linked to the commission of the Florentine Agnolo di Lorenzo della Stufa, a wealthy merchant and faithful ally of the Medici, between 1459 and 1461: Callmann 1974, pp. 35-36, 58, note 3. Its handwriting has been attributed to the anonymous copyist "of the Eusebius of Barcelona." See de la Mare 1985a, I, p. 541.
Here are her comparisons. First, to Love (and I have added the Tower, on the right)
love_TowerDet_Apollonio.jpg love_TowerDet_Apollonio.jpg Viewed 1409 times 295.59 KiB
Chariot
Chariot_Apollonio.jpg Chariot_Apollonio.jpg Viewed 1409 times 379.95 KiB
Fool:
fool_Apollonio.jpg fool_Apollonio.jpg Viewed 1409 times 149.71 KiB
fool_Apollonio.jpg fool_Apollonio.jpg Viewed 1409 times 149.71 KiB
Angels:
angel_Apollonio.jpg angel_Apollonio.jpg Viewed 1409 times 287.64 KiB
Adding to these, Elisabetta Gnigniera has drawn attention to an upside down jester on a fragment of a chest now in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford,
https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the ... men-141641
hanged_apollonio.jpg hanged_apollonio.jpg Viewed 1409 times 108.75 KiB
Against these comparisons it might be said that these features are found elsewhere in art of these times: the women of the Schifanoia and elsewhere, red lips in a Liber iurium et privilegiorum notoriorum Bononeia (MS 644, fol. 4r, Museo Civico Medievale, Bologna), condottiere just as similar elsewhere. Gnigniera, in the same article in which she finds similarity to Apollonio, also finds these and other similarities, especially in the clothing, with Emilian designs. (It is in the book that Andrea and I edited.) However, the connection to the Catania cards via Marco is a good argument, too, and the fact that so many comparisons can be made, which separate him from Lo Scheggia.

Apollonio di Giovanni has been mentioned as a possible/probable painter of the "Charles VI" cards on THF since 2009 (just search "Apollonio" and go to the end of the citations found). However, it is indeed important to indicate that it is only the workshop that is being identified.

Labriola goes on to note that woodcuts for trionfi cards in Florence are first seen in the Rosenwald:
À la fin du XV siècle, les 72 cartes - dont 21 atouts - imprimées de la National Gallery of Art de Washington (cat.21 figurant sur trois feuilles de papier non découpées, marquent symboliquement l'avènement d'une nouvelle époque 38. À Florence, la réalisation xylographique des cartes à jouer n'allait pas tarder à l'emporter. Le temps des luxueux trionfi dorés, dessinés et peints à la main, touchait à sa fin.
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38. Sur les tarots Rosenwald de la National Gallery of Art de Washington, voir Depaulis 1984, no. 27; Dummett 1993, p.241-252; Fiorini 2006, p. 59-61.

(At the end of the 15th century, the 72 cards—including 21 trump cards—printed in the National Gallery of Art in Washington (cat. 21), appearing on three uncut sheets of paper, symbolically marked the dawn of a new era. 38 In Florence, the woodcut production of playing cards was soon to prevail. The era of luxurious gilded trionfi, drawn and painted by hand, was coming to an end.)
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38. On the Rosenwald Tarot decks in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, see Depaulis 1984, no. 27; Dummett 1993, pp. 241-252; Fiorini 2006, pp. 59-61.
So I don't know what signs of woodcuts you find on any of these Florentine hand-painted cards, as opposed to painted black lines.

Re: Giovanni di Domenico (c. 1420 - after 1498)

13
Labriola wrote about Marco del Buono, as Mikeh published:

"The painter of the playing cards was likely a workshop collaborator. The similarities with the Rothschild deck, and especially with the Catania and Palermo copy, show that the sharing of techniques and models was common practice among the artists of the Borgo Santi Apostoli. In this regard, we can assume that Marco del Buono (associate of Lo Scheggia, then of Apollonio) was a key figure in the organization of the work as an intermediary between the different painters" (Labriola)

It seems that perhaps she think that Marco was the artist who painted Alessandro deck and Charles VI deck but she dont say exactly that. It's a bit ambiguous. Perhaps it suggests that Marco directed the composition, while the card painter was someone else in both decks. Or perhaps Labriola means that Marco took ideas and designs he saw in Scheggia and then he copied those models when he later painted the Charles VI cards in Apollonius's workshop.

Do you understand something similar? Is it possible to specify or we have to accept the Labriola mistery?

This is Marco:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_del_Buono

Re: Giovanni di Domenico (c. 1420 - after 1498)

14
As quoted above, she considers Marco to be involved in "the organization of the work as an intermediary between the different painters." A lot more is involved in a painting workshop than just painting, although he was also a painter (Labriola: "le peintre Marco del Buono," p. 115, second column). For cassone, there is preparing the wood. In frescos, there is the gesso. There is also the artistic rendering of wood, plaster, etc. There is purchasing, overseeing, dealing the clients, maintenance on the studio etc.

Here is Labriola on the Catania/Palermo cards, in the paragraph before the passage I quoted previously. It does not rule out Marco, but neither does it go so far as suggesting him as a possibility:
La représentation des personnages se caractérise par une solide répartition des volumes aux contours simplifiés ; la définition de l'espace y est cohérente et mesurée, comme sur les cartes qui illustrent le Chariot etle Monde, par exemple (fig.5]. Ces images trouvent un équivalent dans la peinture florentine autour de 1450 ou peu après, et de manière particulière, à mon sens, dans les œuvres de Lo Scheggia: nous citerons ainsi les Triomphes déjà mentionnés [fig.1) et le Jeu du civettino du musée du palais Davanzati (Cat.27) sans oublier l'une de ses peintures les plus célèbres, le coffre Adimari avec une Scène de danse (Florence, Galleria dell'Accademia) 27. Rappelons qu'en 1447-1448 Lo Scheggia fournissait en naibi le marchand Tommaso Puri. Les cartes de Catane et Palerme furent réalisées par un peintre en relation avec cet artiste, ou tout au moins influencé par ses modèles stylistiques. La présence de l'emblème d'Alessandro Sforza pourrait indiquer que la destination finale du jeu était la seigneurie de Pesaro. Pour cela, je laisse la parole à Emilia Maggio, qui présente ces tarots de manière détaillée dans son intervention.

(The representation of the figures is characterized by a solid distribution of volumes with simplified contours; the definition of space is coherent and measured, as in the maps illustrating the Chariot and the World, for example (fig. 5]. These images find an equivalent in Florentine painting around 1450 or shortly after, and in particular, in my opinion, in the works of Lo Scheggia: we will thus cite the Triumphs already mentioned [fig. 1) and the Civettino Game in the Davanzati Palace Museum (Cat. 27), without forgetting one of his most famous paintings, the Adimari Chest with a Dance Scene (Florence, Galleria dell'Accademia) 27. It should be remembered that in 1447-1448 Lo Scheggia supplied the merchant Tommaso Puri with naibi. The s of Catania and Palermo were made by a painter related to this artist, or at least influenced by his stylistic models. The presence of Alessandro Sforza's emblem could indicate that the deck's final destination was the lordship of Pesaro. For this, I'll leave the floor to Emilia Maggio, who presents these tarots in detail in her intervention.)
I think it is implied that there is a clear distinction between the style of the Catania/Palermo cards and those of the Charles VI. If the same painter did both, he changed his style considerably between the two.
Last edited by mikeh on 02 Jul 2025, 01:49, edited 1 time in total.

Re: Giovanni di Domenico (c. 1420 - after 1498)

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Here is more from Labriolo on Marco di Buono, from p. 118:
Bien que Marco del Buono fût lui aussi inscrit comme peintre à l’Arte dei Medici e Speziali, il semble avoir été d’abord un entrepreneur, un organisateur du travail effectué en collaboration avec d’autres artistes - dès 1427, il fut locataire de deux ateliers situés dans le borgo Santi Apostoli. L'association de Marco et Apollonio fut durable: dans leur «Livre d'atelier», que nous connaissons grâce à une copie du XVII siècle, sont inscrites les commandes reçues - surtou»t pour des coffres de mariage - des familles les plus en vue de la société florentine entre 1446 et 1463. 28
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28. Callmann 1974; Jacobsen 2001, p.507-508, 593-594; Bollati 2004, p. 44-46, Labriola 2012, p.104-115; Staderini 2013, p. 142-147, cat. no. 3.5-7; Strehlke 2015 p. 106-108. Sur Apollonio di Giovanni, voir également, dans le présent catalogue, l’essai intitulé «L'illustration des Triomphes de Pétrarque».

(Although Marco del Buono was also registered as a painter in the Arte dei Medici e Speziali, he seems to have been primarily an entrepreneur [in the sense of "contractor, businessman"], an organizer of work carried out in collaboration with other artists—as early as 1427, he rented two studios located in the Borgo Santi Apostoli. Marco and Apollonio's partnership was lasting: in their "Studio Book," which we know from a 17th-century copy, are recorded the commissions received—especially for wedding chests—from the most prominent families of Florentine society between 1446 and 1463. 28
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28. Callmann 1974; Jacobsen 2001, pp. 507-508, 593-594; Bollati 2004, pp. 44-46, Labriola 2012, pp. 104-115; Staderini 2013, p. 142-147, cat. no. 3.5-7; Strehlke 2015 p. 106-108. On Apollonio di Giovanni, see also, in this catalogue, the essay entitled “The illustration of the Triumphs of Petrarch”.)

Re: Giovanni di Domenico (c. 1420 - after 1498)

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Thanks, Mikeh, for the texts and your reflections. It seems Labriola doesn't dare to clearly state who he believes was the artist of each deck. He says the Alessandro Sforza deck was painted by someone close to Scheggia. I suppose he admits the possibility that Scheggia himself was the artist. At least, I accept that Scheggia was probably the artist. I have the feeling that Scheggia's workshop had fewer artists than Apollonio's.

The deck called Charles VI was surely made in Apollonio's workshop, where there seem to have been several artists. At least: Apollonio and Marco. I suppose one of these two artists could have been the artist of the Charles VI deck, or perhaps someone else from that workshop, if there were more artists there. From what I see, Apollonio's works contain elements of a similar theme to the deck. However, I don't think the stylistic similarity is very great. Apollonio could have been the artist, but perhaps Marco has a style even more similar to the letters, as I see in a condottiere's hat in Marco's painting titled "Procession of Love" (picture bottom).

From what I see, it seems that talking about Apollonio's workshop isn't the same as talking about Apollonio. So I have to reread everything, taking this difference into account when considering who is the author of each work attributed to Apollonio. It could be the artist Apollonio or his workshop.

Surely my questions are answered somewhere, or perhaps there are answers that no one has yet. It is not necessary that anybody answer who was the author. All of this is very complicated, and we have to read everything with a magnifying glass several times. It seems we haven't reached a clear conclusion, and Labriola didn't want to be precise, but rather ambiguous. Or perhaps he supose that Apollonio was the author of the Charles VI deck. My head has its limits, and my questions are plentiful, but I don't want to bother you with my difficulties. I suppose the researcher's driving force must be passion rather than discomfort.

Love and reason guide us, but where there is no love, there is no path. The Tarot's sequence of triumphs shows us how to be rational and avoid passions, but sometimes I think it's necessary and healthy to take the opposite path, that is, toward passions. This forum is admirable and wonderful because you seek concrete answers to questions that any scholar might have in mind. Spaniards are not as precise as northern Europeans. Spaniards are more passionate, more unstructured, and less rigorous than Germans. However, excessive intellectuality extinguishes the heart, which is also a part of the human and the life.

Finally, I'll show you something I found. Labriola talks about Arte dei Medici e Speziali (Medicine and Special Art). I thought that it indicated that he created works for the ruling Medici family. However, it seems that this refers to an institution or group of artists whose name refers to doctors and apothecaries. Here's the link:

https://it.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_de ... _(Firenze)
Attachments
Apollonio_Di_Giovanni_Apollonio_Di_Tomaso_-Love_procession-S.jpeg Apollonio_Di_Giovanni_Apollonio_Di_Tomaso_-Love_procession-S.jpeg Viewed 242 times 24.27 KiB