1.
Palamedes redivivus:
das ist, Nothwendiger unterricht wie heutiges tages gebräuchliche spiele, als das stein-oder schach-spiel, das picquet-, hoick-, thurn- und l'ombre-spiel ... zu spielen
J. G. Dyck, 1755 - Games - 153 pages
http://books.google.de/books?id=E-pYAAA ... en&f=false
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2 a. Die Kunst die Welt mitzunehmen in den verschiedenen Arten der Spiele, so in Gesellschafften höhern Standes, besonders in der Kayserl. Königl. Residenz-Stadt Wien üblich sind ...
[this seems to be volume 1 of the following volume 2 ... = 2 b. ... but after some research this can't be, as the Taroc article appears in both books. So one likely has to assume, that 2a is a first version and that 2b is the Volume 2 of the second enlarged version ... unluckily Volume 1 is not reachable by books.google.com]
François Danican Philidor
G. Bauer, 1756
http://books.google.de/books?id=dysVAAA ... &q&f=false
2 b.
Die Kunst die Welt mitzunehmen in den verschiedenen Arten der Spiele, so in Gesellschaften höheren Standes, besonders in der Kayserl. Königl. Residenz-Stadt Wien üblich sind, Volume 2
Bauer, 1756
http://books.google.de/books?id=75xPAAA ... en&f=false
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TRIUMPH
This is called a Venetian version and is described in two variants. It's a total different game than the Triumphus Hispanicus, described by Vives and Maldonaldo around 1540, and has likely nothing to do with Trionfi games of 15th century.
It's played with 52 cards with the counting Ace = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 3, 4 = 4, (totally 40) and 2 figures = 1 point (totally 6 points), 10 = 1 (totally 4 points). Pique Valet counts 6 points, 10 of Carreaux counts 5 (so altogether totally 61 points) ... but Pique Valet and 10 of Carreau counts twice then. The description isn't clear and talks of 62 points, which are necessary to win.
An alternative counting system has 72 points.
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MINCHIATE
Okay, that's a sort of contemporary Minchiate.
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GALINELLA
It sounds, as if this is another name of Minchiate (wich was also called Gallerini and Ganellini). I didn't found a description in the book.
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KAISERSPIEL
For Kaiserspiel or Imperiale: This is a game with 32 cards for two players and 36 for 3 players. That's likely a very different game to Karnöffel (also called Keyserspiel) or Imperatori in early 15th century.
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TAROC for 3 or 4 persons
The article starts with an enthusiastic poem (not shown).
Then an unknown etymology is offered: Taroc comes (probably) from Portugal. Mongue, Sküs an Pagato are named after 3 evil brothers in "Algabrien", famous for their cruel activities. Tarocco is the name of of a player, who sponsored from his wins a cloister in Seruval or Setuval. But Setubal exists near Lisbon (50 km).
http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&clien ... CHMQ8gEwAQ
There's a cloister, founded c. 1490:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_ ... t%C3%BAbal
The kingdom of Portugal was addressed "Reino de Portugal e dos Algarves", so "Algabrien" (German) = "Algarves"
The probable first time, when Austrian players really detected the Italian Trionfi cards in a manner, that they couldn't overlook them, was likely in winter 1451/52, when Emperor Fredrick III married the Portuguese princess Eleanore. Naturally some Trionfi cards should have reached then the Austrian court. As they came with a Portuguese princess ... well, they must have been "from Portugal".
The founder of the cloister in Setubal in c. 1490 was a woman, Justa Rodrigues Pereira, who descended from
Nuno Alvarez Pereira( June 24, 1360 – April 1, 1431)...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_%C3%81lvares_Pereira
... a great general with many merits, who turned to become a mystic (1423) and was beatified in 1918 and became a saint in 2009.
Well ... Eleanor, the Portuguese bride, was born in 1434, and very likely had learned this hero story in her youth.
She became mother of Maximilian, and when Maximilian became emperor in 1493 and married then his children (1496) to children of the Spanish court of Ferdinand and Isabella (preparing the Spanish-German of Charles V), then the much earlier marriage of Eleanor to a weak German emperor got posthumous a new light of very big meaning.Eleanor and Frederick were dissimilar, and her interest for dance, gambling and hunting was not shared by Frederick, and their relationship was affected by their differences. Frederick sent Eleanor's Portuguese entourage home after the wedding because of the cost, and she suffered from homesickness; he also blamed her for having caused the death of several of their children by letting them eat Portuguese food, and therefore took over the upbringing of the remaining children entirely for himself. During the period of captivity in Vienna, when people were forced to eat rats, cats and dogs, she cheered people up. History have claimed that Eleanor was taken from a splendid court in Portugal to a cultural wasteland in Vienna because of her spouse's strict economic sense.
Portugal had been then indeed later united with the Spanish crown in 1580 and 1640.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_UnionThe Iberian union was a political unit that governed all of the Iberian Peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640, through a dynastic union between the monarchies of Portugal and Spain after the War of the Portuguese Succession.[1] Following the Portuguese crisis of succession, a dynastic union joined both crowns, along with their respective colonial possessions, under the control of the Spanish monarchy. The term Iberian union is a creation of modern historians.
The unification of the peninsula had long been a goal of the region's monarchs. Sancho III of Navarre and Alfonso VII of León and Castile both took the title Imperator totius Hispaniae, meaning "Emperor of All Hispania" centuries before. The union could have been achieved earlier had Miguel da Paz (1498–1500), Prince of Portugal and Asturias, become king. He died early in his childhood.
The word Taroch, Tarocchi formed likely not before 1494 and it appeared first in 1505.
Nuno Álvares Pereira had defended the independence of Portugal against Castile, likely he stood for the independence of Portugal (against other Spanish ideas). Exchanging him much later to a gambler "Tarocco", who became sponsor of a cloister during 16th century might have been once a political joke in 16th/17th century.
The author doubts the etymology and gives arguments on the similarity between French "Excuse and the Austrian "Sküs".
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HANS JOACHIM ALSCHER
http://www.tarock.info/
had reported these texts already in 2003:
Regeln bey dem Taroc-Spiele (Leipzig 1754)
Älteste Tarockregeln in deutscher Sprache, auch abgedruckt in "Palamedes redivivus" Leipzig 1755
Die beste und neueste Art, das in den vornehmsten Gesellschaften heutiges Tages so beliebte Taroc-Spiel, so wol in drey Personen zum König als in vier wirklichen Personen mit zweyerley Karten recht und wohl zu spielen, nebst einigen Betrachtungen über dieses Spiel und einem Anhang von ganz neuerfundenen Kartenkünsten (Wien und Nürnberg 1756)
Ältestes österreichisches bzw. ältestes Wiener Tarockbuch
Regeln des Minchiatta-Spiels (Dresden 1798)
Deutschsprachige Regeln des Minchiate
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Added later:
Die beste und neueste Art das in den vornehmsten Gesellschaften heutiges Tages so beliebte Taroc-Spiel:
So wol in drey Personen zum König, als in vier wirklichen Personen mit zweyerley Karten recht und wohl zu spielen: nebst einigen Betrachtungen über dieses Spiel, und einem Anhang von ganz neuerfundenen Karten-Künsten
bey Georg Bauer, Buchhändler, 1756 - 78 pages
http://books.google.de/books?id=c5DPOwA ... CDkQ6AEwAg
no preview
1760: Natürliches Zauber-Buch, oder neu-eröfneter Spielplatz rarer Künste:
Mit vielen Figuren erl, Volume 2
Schwarzkopf, 1760 - 526 pages
[includes Taroc-rules, which at least in great parts are copied from earlier works ... and other game rules]
http://books.google.de/books?id=i7g5AAA ... &q&f=false
