Another more common word seems to be "gesprenkelt", for which the translator suggestsMUSIEREN, verb. musivisch verzieren, bunt einlegen oder färben, ein schon im mittelalter als muosieren (Lexer wb. 1, 2241), md. mûsieren, übernommener kunstausdruck: gemusiertes pflaster, gemusierte arbeit. Birlinger 339a; auch als mosieren: eine blau mosierte corporaltaschen. ebenda; mosieren, musieren Schm. 1, 1674 Fromm.; zu seinen bundschuhen worden aufgebracht vierhundert sechs ballen getruckten sammat auf leder musiert. Garg. 115b; bonen mit mancherlei farben, mit schwarzen tüpflein, als wären sie musiert, besprengt. Tabernaemontanus 881;
trugen ein keul neben den schwertern,
oder ein scharfe zimmeraxt,
künstlich musiert mit buntem wachs. froschm. Vv 4a (3, 2, 3).
The words "musivisch" or "Mosaik" are connected, somehow in the background are likely the "9 Muses". Who had expected that?dappled adj. gesprenkelt
dotted adj. gesprenkelt
flecked adj. gesprenkelt
speckled adj. gesprenkelt
spotted adj. gesprenkelt
stained adj. gesprenkelt
mottled adj. [geol.] gesprenkelt
disseminated adj. gesprenkelt
scattered adj. gesprenkelt
spotty adj.
Can you say more about this term "Tarautée/Tarotée" in relation to the German explanations? Does it mean "dotted", or what? What are the reasonable possibilities?
The word "tarautees", by some suspected to be the origin for the word Tarot or Tarocchi, is in German translated with "musirt".
Indeed I find in this text from 1835 ...
https://books.google.de/books?id=uLubCo ... rt&f=false
... a lot about the production of playing cards, and these Spielkarten are either "musiert" or "gemarmelt" (which are alternatives and not the same), in any case it seems to be about the decoration of the backside of the cards. So it's a very specific technical terminus in the playing card production, at least since 1637 (Martin) till early 19th century.
Grimm's Wörterbuch knows the term since medieval times for similar decorations:
Another more common word seems to be "gesprenkelt", for which the translator suggestsMUSIEREN, verb. musivisch verzieren, bunt einlegen oder färben, ein schon im mittelalter als muosieren (Lexer wb. 1, 2241), md. mûsieren, übernommener kunstausdruck: gemusiertes pflaster, gemusierte arbeit. Birlinger 339a; auch als mosieren: eine blau mosierte corporaltaschen. ebenda; mosieren, musieren Schm. 1, 1674 Fromm.; zu seinen bundschuhen worden aufgebracht vierhundert sechs ballen getruckten sammat auf leder musiert. Garg. 115b; bonen mit mancherlei farben, mit schwarzen tüpflein, als wären sie musiert, besprengt. Tabernaemontanus 881;
trugen ein keul neben den schwertern,
oder ein scharfe zimmeraxt,
künstlich musiert mit buntem wachs. froschm. Vv 4a (3, 2, 3).The words "musivisch" or "Mosaik" are connected, somehow in the background are likely the "9 Muses". Who had expected that?dappled adj. gesprenkelt
dotted adj. gesprenkelt
flecked adj. gesprenkelt
speckled adj. gesprenkelt
spotted adj. gesprenkelt
stained adj. gesprenkelt
mottled adj. [geol.] gesprenkelt
disseminated adj. gesprenkelt
scattered adj. gesprenkelt
spotty adj.
And:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, 1st Edition (1694)
Taroté, [tarot]ée. adj. Il n'a d'usage qu'en cette phrase, Des cartes tarotées, Qui signifie, Des cartes marquées, imprimées de rayes noires par dessus.
Which means:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, 4th Edition (1762)
TAROTÉ, ÉE. adj. Il n'est d'usage qu'en cette phrase, Des cartes marquées & imprimées sur le dos de grisaille en compartimens.
It has usage only in this phrase, Des cartes tarotées. Which means, Cards marked, printed black with black lines over [or, on the backs]
There is only the usage in this phrase, Des cartes tarotées, cards marked & printed on the back with grisaille compartments.
The page links toCouillon is a popular Belgian card game. Versions of it are also played in the southern Dutch province of Limburg and on the border of Luxembourg and Germany. The name "couillon" almost certainly derives from the Walloon word coyon (=testicle), which refers to the circles or balls that were traditionally used as part of the method of keeping score. However, in Flanders and Luxembourg, the name has been modified to the similar sounding Kwajongen and Kujong respectively. In the Netherlands it is known as Troeven (trumps), which makes it likely that it is related to the old game Trümpfspiel recorded in Strasbourg in 1637, which had the same card values.
... exists since end of 19th century.Historique
Le couillon est un jeu de cartes très facile. Relativement récent par rapport aux autres jeux de cartes (apparu vers la fin du XIXe siècle), le couillon est pratiqué un peu partout en Europe. Mais c’est surtout la Belgique, tant en Flandre qu’en Wallonie, qui connaît son plus grand lot d’adeptes.
Le couillon se joue à quatre. Sa convivialité et son attrait reposent sur un fait très ludique : quand le déclarant ne réussit pas son contrat et entraîne son coéquipier dans le fond ! D’où le nom évocateur du jeu : couillon !
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelkopf-SonderregelnArmut
Die folgenden Varianten werden gespielt, wenn der von der Armut betroffene Spieler nicht mitgenommen wird.
Variante 1 (Schwarze Sau)
Hier wird unterstellt, dass mindestens ein Spieler ein gutes Blatt besitzen muss, da der Spieler mit der Armut ja kaum Trümpfe besitzt. Schwarze Sau soll diesen Spieler „bestrafen“. Es ist jedoch ohne weiteres möglich, eine Schwarze Sau zu gewinnen.
Ablauf:
Jeder spielt für sich alleine, bis die zweite Pik-Dame (die Schwarze Sau) fällt.
Der Spieler, der den Stich mit der zweiten Pik-Dame bekommt, spielt ab diesem Zeitpunkt ein Solo, das er sofort bestimmen muss.
Abgerechnet wird wie bei einem normalen Solo, wobei die verbliebenen drei Spieler ihre Stiche natürlich zusammenlegen.
Strategien:
Entweder versuchen die Spieler die Pik-Dame loszuwerden, wenn sie kein Solo spielen wollen oder können.
Oder ein, bisweilen auch zwei Spieler, versuchen die Pik-Dame zu bekommen, um dann mit ihren verbliebenen Karten – und bereits vorhandenen Stichen – ein Solo zu gewinnen.
The group of our interest are the "Point trick games", as in the Strassburg game of 1637 Aces have 4 points, Kings 3, Queens 2, Jacks 1.* Plain trick games
* Point trick games
* Quasi trick-taking games
In the summary I come to the opinion, that only Reversis (the oldest), the Manille group and the Couillon group are relevant to be compared with the Strassburg game.* Tarot games: the pack contains a special series of cards that are permanent trumps. The counting cards are the highest and lowest trumps and the picture cards in the suits.
# no special series of cards
* Manille group: the highest card in each suit is the nine (in Spain) or the ten (in Belgium and France), worth 5 points. This is followed by the ace (4), king (3), queen or knight (2) and jack (1).
# this is of interest cause ace (4), king (3), queen or knight (2) and jack (1) as in the Strassburg
* Couillon group: the highest four cards in each suit are the ace (4 points), king (3), queen (2) and jack (1). Other cards have no value.
# of interest, I talked already about it.
* Trappola group: an almost obsolete group of games which originated in 16th century Venice and was played with a special 36 card pack. The highest cards in each suit are the ace (6), king (5), knight (4) and jack (3). There is a special bonus for winning a trick (especially the last) with the lowest card of a suit (originally the two).
# not of interest cause the wrong points ace (6), king (5), knight (4) and jack (3)
All Fours group: so called because there were originally four points for highest trump, lowest trump, jack of trumps and game. The card values (used in deciding who wins the game point) ace ace=4, king=3, queen=2, jack=1, ten=10. Later games of this group introduce bidding and extra points.
# right points with ace=4, king=3, queen=2, jack=1 (similar to the Manille group) but it's history is of a later date. So not interesting, the distribution went from England to Southern America.
*Ace-ten games: The ace and ten of each suit are valuable cards - often with values ace=11 and ten=10. Typically, the king, queen and jack are worth 4, 3 and 2 respectively. Often the ten is the second highest card of the suit, above the king. In Mediterranean countries, the ten is usually replaced by the three. There are several subgroups:
# The Strassburg game isn't an Ace-Ten-game* Tressette group: the cards of each suit rank from high to low: 3, 2, ace, king, queen, jack, 7, 6, 5, 4. Aces are worth one point and threes, twos and pictures are worth one third of a point each. Other cards have no value.*** Schafkopf group: ace-ten games in which some or all of the queens and jacks are permanent high trumps. Among jacks or queens, the order of suits from high to is always clubs (acorns), spades (leaves), hearts, diamonds (bells).
***Marriage group: ace-ten games in which there is a bonus for declaring a holding of king and queen of a suit, often worth 40 in trumps and 20 in other suits. Some of these games have additional scoring combinations, such as sequences or fours of a kind.
*** Jass group: an important subgroup of the marriage group in which the jack (20 points) and nine (14 points) are promoted to be the highest trumps, above the ace.
*** Sedma group: an unusual group of games in which each trick is won by the last card played that is equal in rank to the card led; the most valuable cards are aces and tens.
# not the numbers of the Strassburg game
* King-ten-five group: in a standard 52 card pack, ranking with aces high, kings and tens are worth 10 points each and fives are worth 5, for a total of 100 in the pack. Many games with this valuation are found in China, but it is also known in other places. In some non-Chinese games it is the ace rather than the king that is worth 10 points.
Picture group: a group of games, probably of Japanese origin and found especially in Japan and Korea, in which the ace, king, queen, jack and (usually) ten are worth 1 point each, so that there are 20 points in the pack.
# too foreign, not the right numbers
*Reverse games: the objective is to avoid winning tricks containing high value cards.
# From these Reversis is of interest, which is an old game and uses Ace(4) etc.
*Miscellaneous point-trick games: collection of point-trick games which do not fit well into any of the above groups.# From these only Gleek might be interesting, but the the 17th century reconstruction of Parlett isn't ...
http://www.davidparlett.co.uk/histocs/gleek.html
There was an earlier game Glic, but it is not enough known about it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmbreRank of cards
The rank of the cards in the game depends on whether it is black or red suit. The basic ranking of numerals is reversed in red, being 7 low, and a red suit is always one card longer than a black one of the same status, whether trump or plain.
The black Aces are permanent trumps, and the top three trumps are called matadors:
A ♠ (Spadille)
Black 2 or Red 7 (Manille)
A ♣ (Basto)
The fourth highest trump is the A ♥, or A ♦, called "Punto", but it does not have the status of a matador.
If the trump suit is black: Spadille, 2, Basto, K Q J 7 6 5 4 3
If the trump suit is red: Spadille, 7, Basto, Punto, K Q J 2 3 4 5 6
In a plain black suit: K Q J 7 6 5 4 3 2
In a plain red suit: K Q J A 2 3 4 5 6 7
***************I found at ...
Leber, Catalogue des livres imprimés, manuscrits, estampes, dessins et ..., Band 1
page 241
http://books.google.de/books?id=1lAVAAA ... navlinks_s
.. the following passage ...
... according which Jack Volay already had been already active in the time of 1575 . For the game of Reversi, which according ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversis
... ("The game of Reversis was first mentioned in France in 1601, under the name Reversin, played with a 52-card pack.") Leber's note is of interest, cause he knows Reversi already for the time of Francois I. Well, I've no idea, how Leber recognized, that these were Reversi cards.
Thanks for saying in English what the designs on the backs looked like, Huck. In the online German-English dictionaries, many of the words are not there, as apparently archaic or now spelled differently; so I gave up looking. I still don't know what "musierung" and "musiert" mean.In "blue" the author says, what Musierungen might look like: "Schnörkeleien" (decorations) like stars, dices or cubes, flames or "Geäder".
The game of Hearts, even though not very old, is of interest because the cards chosen for penalty-points seem to have an allegorical reason for being so. Spades is historically a suit of war and combat, and so suitable for penalty points. A combative woman is especially to be condemned, as it goes against the life-nourishing role of women. If nothing else, if married to a warrior she is more likely to be a widow sooner than later. On the other hand, in a combative game Spades might be a positive suit. Hearts are also negative in the sense of being liable to lead one astray by clouding the judgment, and in this regard the court cards would be the worst. But again, in a combative game it might be otherwise.Well, I didn't found a game, which is similar to the Strassburg game in the manner, that Ace of Hearts, King of Diamonds, Queen of Spades and Jack of Clubs were the best cards.
Just "decoration", not figurative, but seriell, in the earlier time used for mosaics. I didn't know the expression in my usual language.mikeh wrote:Huck wroteThanks for saying in English what the designs on the backs looked like, Huck. In the online German-English dictionaries, many of the words are not there, as apparently archaic or now spelled differently; so I gave up looking. I still don't know what "musierung" and "musiert" mean.In "blue" the author says, what Musierungen might look like: "Schnörkeleien" (decorations) like stars, dices or cubes, flames or "Geäder".
I don't know, where you got the "Queen of Hearts" in Reversi from ... I know only about Jack of hearts and the Ace of Diamonds.
Huck wrote,...Well, I didn't found a game, which is similar to the Strassburg game in the manner, that Ace of Hearts, King of Diamonds, Queen of Spades and Jack of Clubs were the best cards.
In the Strasbourg game, Diamonds as a suit of wealth, and so its King, can also be positive or negative. I am not sure why the Ace of Hearts and Jack of Clubs are singled out.The composition is so arranged, that 4 different kind of cards are used in 4 suits. Perhaps this was part of the intention. In some card producer traditions, the clubs-Jack carried the producer name (in Tarot it's usually the 2 of coins, which is for graphical reasons a good place for it).
Some cards were prefered cause they were chosen to carry the local tax stamps.
... :-) ...
... in this dramatic piece of early 19th century ...
discussed at
viewtopic.php?f=11&t=475&hilit=rolichon#p6198
... there are 3 of the 4 special Strassburg cards used in the center: Queen of Spades likely in love to King of Diamonds in the middle and the card maker Rolichon as Jack of Clubs at the bottom.
Well, the back Lady loves the man with the money, possibly this was the idea. Or the black suit family marries to the red suit (left are the blacks, and right are the reds).
The game of Hearts does not have trumps. Also, the game from which Hearts is derived, namely, Reversis, besides not having trumps does not have the same special particular cards that Hearts singles out. (All it has is the "great and small quinola", the Jack (great) and Queen of Hearts (small), and the Ace of Diamonds). So Hearts has either invented its particular special cards or borrowed them from other games. One of Hearts' predecessors is Conquimbert, Wikipedia says (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversis), but I can find out nothing about that game.
So the question for me is, how old is the custom of singling out those particular cards for special positive or negative points, either the cards so treated in Hearts or in the Strasbourg game, including in games without trumps?
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