Re: What are the documents for Marziano's dates?

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Gasparino Barzizza addressed an oration to Filippo Maria in 1412, which Peter Stacey discusses in his excellent Roman Monarchy and the Renaissance Prince
Stacey says the dating is discussed in Cognasso, 1966, p. 37 note (and the oration itself on pp. 393-394). Do you have this Cognasso reference, Phaeded?

Pages 177-179 here
https://books.google.fr/books?id=j3sgpP ... 22&f=false

Stacey's discussion -
Barzizza’s commitment to Senecan ethics pervades his political writings. The Visconti in Milan and the Carrara in Padua had been characterized for decades by a Petrarchan ideology of virtue indebted to the Roman theory of monarchy. From approximately 1412-1435 both Gasparino and his son, Guiniforte, produced orations addressed to Filippo Maria Visconti which were deeply Senecan in their depiction of monarchy.

In 1412 Filippo Maria Visconti had embarked upon a sustained project of reconstituting the Milanese domains which had become severely dissipated during the previous decade. His first success was in regaining control of Milan itself in June 1412, and one Barzizza speech, probably written later that year, begins with a celebration of the virtuous achievements and the felicitas of his ‘most illustrious duke and outstanding prince’. Filippo Maria had lost ‘nearly the whole’ of his ‘principate’; and the ruler’s enemies ‘had attempted to shake to the foundations, to topple and to lash’ his ‘state’. But in recovering Milan, Filippo Maria had restored hope both to the principality and to the whole of Italy. His great sapientia is held to consist in the extraordinary virtus which had been evident ‘even in the cradle’(in cunabulis tuis). For ‘there has been no one in our age who in adulthood has borne the injuries of Fortuna more wisely’ than Filippo Maria, who has ‘not only endured them but also overcome them since childhood.’ (Nemo nostris annis fuit, qui in aetate perfecta sapientius injurias fortunae tulerit, quam tu ab ipsa usque pueritia non solum pertulisti, se etiam fortiter vicisti.) This wisdom and virtue is also held to have made him a master in the ‘science of ruling a principatus’, equipping him with ‘gravity in deliberation, swiftness in execution, justice in government and clemency in pardoning easily.’ The result is that ‘anyone who approaches you thinks that they are looking upon no mere mortal man but upon someone seemingly sent to us from heaven itself.’ The heaven-sent Filippo Maria ‘is raising up the foundations of the royal majesty which the magnanimous prince your father had laid down,’ a feat which the ruler was accomplishing ‘with great virtue’. The power of the Senecan monarchical ideology for the Milanese was this ability to articulate the Visconti signore as a ‘magnanimous prince’ enjoying a ‘royal majesty’ in his ‘principate’. It elevated the ruler to such a height that it put the ‘ducal name’ which his father and predecessor Giangaleazzo Visconti had been granted by the emperor into the shade. Barzizza acknowledges that the title had brought luster to Visconti rule, but he points out to Filippo Maria that it was ‘inconceivable, after having raised yourself up from so many dangers and labours, you should be content with that dignity which the most famous Duke himself first brought to your house.’ The ideology which Barzizza’s text extends had long offered a far more potent language with which to assert the princely character of signorial rule.

Capable of conquering Fortuna, Filippo Maria is then assured by Barzizza that ‘fortune rules the greatest of your affairs by divine counsel and through the great power of the stars, and you will ascend higher than many men – especially your own – expect.’ If ‘it is the virtue of princes not merely to attain the glory of his ancestors but to outstrip it’, Filippo Maria’s precocious attainment of the princely heights has nevertheless been achieved divinitus – by means of divine providence. Barzizza then digs deeper into the Senecan text. Having already reached ‘such great happiness’, the ‘most clement Duke’, he says, need only self-reflect. Barzizza ‘can find no one among the ancients whome you should rather follow than you yourself.’ The Visconti prince is his own best example. Barzizza thus counsels him to ‘learn from yourself’, before acting (Tu a te ipso disces, quid agendum sit). Above all, Filippo Maria is urged to look after himself for the same reasons that Seneca had given: ‘your health is our health, certainly, and if you look after yourself, you attend to the common dignity and welfare of your people and the goods of everyone.’ This care would bring Filippo Maria the advantage which Seneca had pointed out and which Barzizza reiterates: ‘there will be many people who, if need be, would willingly and readily place their physical strength and their bodies in every kind of danger on your behalf.’
Barzizza's full oration, published in 1723, pp. 36-39.
https://books.google.fr/books?id=T78HbC ... 22&f=false

I think it bears comparison with Marziano's text, which I am arguing could also be from 1412. Perhaps also it should be compared to Barzizza's funeral oration for Marziano. It seems to me that some phrases stand out.
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Re: What are the documents for Marziano's dates?

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Ross G. R. Caldwell wrote: 01 Apr 2020, 18:32 Relevant to the Aeneas theme, some evidence of the fame of PIetro Castelletto's genealogy in his eulogy of Gian Galeazzo in 1402.
Pietro Pavese (Castelletto), a man who was a brother in our order, had a eulogy for the deceased (Gian Galeazzo) not too ineloquent for that time; but out of all of them (since many orations had been given) his was the most preferred, because he had revealed the lineage of the Duke, name by name, to the time of Aeneas.
I know you're not on board (maybe considering it ;-) with my ethnogenic premise, but thank you for sharing that. It only makes sense that the Besozzo's illumination matched the text; I just can't believe Castelletto tediously read off every name in the genealogy.

And if there is any doubt that Filippo fancied himself as Apollo (no doubt as the would be consort of Daphne - and interestingly laurel is mentioned three separate times in Marziano's account of Apollo ) and took it into a "Godly" direction:

"Il Sole ducale (1430): a proposito di una divisa viscontea"
Il ducato di Filippo Maria Visconti, 1412-1447. Economia, politica, cultura, a cura di F. Cengarle e M. N. Covini, pp. 231-246, 2015
https://www.academia.edu/20162199/_Il_S ... viscontea_

The article opens with poetic dedications to an effigy of the sun made for Filippo in 1430 (and the author notes a mosaic of the same in the ancient S. Lorenzo basilica along the parade route in Milan, but I believe there is only a mosaic of Ezekiel on a chariot rising to heaven there, but missing its head so could have been misinterpreted); but a translation of the abstract:
Taking a cue from the words of the court humanists in charge of celebrating the new star [radiant sun] device of the Visconti, I briefly focused on its origin, on the possible cultural matrices and on the political implications that the assumption of the Christological Sol 'justice and peace' as a ducal symbol may imply. It must be said that far from being an exhaustive selection of text, to which I will refer, intends to help understand only a political use of this metaphor, with much broader cosmogonic and cosmological nuances: all invested in grace and partakes of the divine nature of the Christ-Sun, the rulers of the earth - emperors, kings, secular and ecclesiastical princes but also and above all, in our case, dukes - seem in fact, at the beginning of the fifteenth century, now equated, subverting that earthly hierarchy which, for jurists , was still headed by the emperor.
The Apotheosis of Ezekiel mosaic (seriously damaged) that may have partially inspired the Visconti (perhaps it was in better shape in their day):

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Re: What are the documents for Marziano's dates?

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Ross,
As for Francesco Cognasso, I Visconti ([Milan]: Dall'Oglio Editore, 1966) - numerous writers refer to the work, but it is not on Google as far as I can find and that particular passage quoted by anyone.

As for what is noted in connection with Barizza - it is keeping with Filippo's disappointment in the emperor's half measures in recognizing him in 1412 (and again in 1418 and 1426) that prompted his renewed efforts to focus on divine hereditary matters ("ethnogenic") as a means of bypassing the legitimacy not coming from the Empire (in regard to which, see the article I just posted above this reply).

The main note of resonance I see between Barizza's 1412 oration and the eulogy for Marziano c. 1425 is the rather shocking appeal to astrology for political reasons, for this comes early in the Renaissance (the Trinci palace planetary fresco decorations are contemporary with the Barizza 1412 oration, and they are especially noteworthy for the same reason - very early, only outdone, date-wise, by the frescoes at the Visconti castle in Angera). Barizza is more explicit in 1412:
‘science of ruling a principatus’ [astrology] ... ‘anyone who approaches you thinks that they are looking upon no mere mortal man but upon someone seemingly sent to us from heaven itself.’ ...‘fortune rules the greatest of your affairs by divine counsel and through the great power of the stars, and you will ascend higher than many men – especially your own – expect.’ If ‘it is the virtue of princes not merely to attain the glory of his ancestors but to outstrip it’,
You'll also recall that one of Facino Cane's advisers Filippo inherited and held a prominent role, a Ricci, was accused of especially inculcating astrology into Filippo. The age was rife with it, especially because condottiere such as Cane (and Sforza) relied on it, but also for more mundane reasons as for understanding and combating plague (always assumed to be caused by a baleful star).

But fo Filippo: In a word, apotheosis through astrology, after reigning by means of it. As Stacey says, "Filippo Maria’s precocious attainment of the princely heights has nevertheless been achieved divinitus – by means of divine providence." And divine providence is the the astral arts coalescing as a symbol into Prudence (not black arts but rather a Virtue!) - as only she and God can peer into the future - why Prudence is the "CY World"'s allegorical figure in the sky to my mind, but that's for a separate discussion (and for Huck and Mike: fame results because of the deeds made possible via prudence).

The Barizza's reference to Marziano's familiarity with it is more oblique, but if all of the above was true of Filippo in 1412 it certainly must have been of his most trusted advisers. Barizza couches his astrological/prudential praise for Marziano near the beginning of his eulogy, "the highest counsel and a certain divine wisdom in foreseeing great things" (DSH, your p. 97). On the face it it seems a bit ambiguous...but not in the Visconti court.

As for the DSH itself - besides the sun (Apollo) and moon (Diana) for obvious reasons, the stars are only otherwise mentioned in connection with the two divine progenitors of the Visconti genealogy: Venus and Jupiter.

Venus's first attribute is "morning star."

Jupiter is a bit more complex and Place's drawing simply misleading. Marziano says to the low right side "a burning star like Mars" and further clarifies that it is deployed to "preserve the republic/state" and then mentions the Giants for a second time. This "star" is in fact lightning, and it is fiery red like Mars as it leads to fire; Jupiter specifically fulminates - strikes down with lightning- to destroy the Giants. Place simply shows a ball at the lower right and then redundantly a bolt in Jupiter's hand. Otherwise Marziano says of Jupiter that the "images of four stars attend him." What is Jupiter's other major symbol besides lightning? The eagle, and it is that animal that attends on him, and gives its name to the entire suit Jupiter heads up. But why is the eagle represented by four stars? Its also known as the constellation Aquila (Latin for eagle) and shown in all medieval manuscripts with four stars (usually shown with Sagitta, the arrow being a symbol of Jupiter's lightning bolt - the eagle "carries" Jupiter's bolt - and sometimes Sagitta is an alternate name for the "Tower" trump which Jupiter has struck with his bolt - but we disagree on this last point). And thus Marziano betrays his fairly detailed knowledge of the "heavens"....
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Phaenomena, 1469, Naples, MS M.389 fol. 55v.jpg Phaenomena, 1469, Naples, MS M.389 fol. 55v.jpg Viewed 93587 times 100.87 KiB
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Phaeded

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I proceed with "Giovanni Maria Visconti (duke of Milan 1403-1412) .... Luchino del Maino .... Violante Pusterla", a picture, which was painted in 1830.
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There is another, somehow related context, in which another "Luchino" goes after another woman with the surname "Pusterla". This Luchino was also the leading person in Milan (1339-1349) and this Margherita Pusterla was actually "Margherita Pusterla nata Visconti", which means, that she was born as a Visconti and married a Francesco Pusterla.
Italian wiki calls her relationship to Luchino that between cousins (Luchino is "cugino" to Margherita), but this is not very likely, cause Luchino was about 50 and Margharita very attractive and beautiful, so likely much younger. The story has it, that Luchino wants her, but she dislikes it and also her husband isn't pleased. He (the husband) organizes a rebellion, finally (1340/41) a lot of people are dead, inclusive Margherita. Luchino goes on and is involved in other sexual affairs and scandals.
So somehow this is twice (Luchino I and Luchino II in different roles) a typical Daphne-Apollo story. The man wants her, but she prefers to become a piece of wood.
Stuart Kaplan (Encyclopedia II) has a biography of Luchino, but the Pusterla event isn't noted.

Cesare Cantù (1804-1895) wrote much. He started - more or less - with a literary work based on real history, in which he used some freedom against the laws of history. It is written, that he followed the "Promessi sposi" of Manzoni (1825/26), who was the first in Italy who used the genre of the history roman. Cantù's attempt became a second great success of the new genre: "Margharita Pusterla" (finished according wiki and others in 1838, but I found in an Italian edition an 1833).
After this escapade Cantù preferred to become a real historian.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Cantù
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Pusterla

The literary context of "Margherita Pusterla" (German language)
books.google.de/books?id=yXxdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121&dq=luchino+visconti+pusterla&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjejvDHs8foAhWHAxAIHbyFDS8Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=luchino%20visconti%20pusterla&f=false

The history report of Luchino Visconti (German language)
https://books.google.de/books?id=GftSAA ... la&f=false

I found a lot of material in German language, a little bit in French language and more or less nothing in English.

***********

In this magazine text of 1837 an Italian novella is presented (9th part; it's the last part), which has the title "Luchino Visconti". The author of the Italian work isn't noted, only the German translator, who calls his tranlation "very free". Luchino is killed by Isabella Fieschi (his wife), who is influenced by a female servant Eustargia. This once was a disappointed lover of Luchino in his and her youth, later the wet nurse of Margherita Pusterla and after the brutal of death of Magherita interested to take her own revenge on Luchino. This worked, Luchino died by the hands of Isabella.
The same stuff was taken as a plot for a theatre play with the same title "Luchino Visconti", I saw an edition of 1869.

https://books.google.de/books?id=8EZbAA ... ia&f=false
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Last edited by Huck on 03 Apr 2020, 12:28, edited 3 times in total.
Huck
http://trionfi.com

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Huck wrote: 02 Apr 2020, 08:34 I proceed with "Giovanni Maria Visconti (duke of Milan 1403-1412) .... Luchino del Maino .... Violante Pusterla", a picture, which was painted in 1830.

I found a lot of material in German language, a little bit in French language and more or less nothing in English.

(still in work)
It makes sense, the German public was fascinated by Italian culture in early 19th century. Italians like Tiraboschi - and Muratori a century earlier, mostly in Latin - were the first to collect their national literature as whole, over time. Then the Germans, then English and French.

French had the problem that Louis XIV turned away from Italian culture, and tried to build only a French national identity. So the earlier influences were put aside, and time started with him. Then came the Revolution, and again the earlier time was less loved. So it took some time for the social upheaval to settle down and historians to try to understand it all.
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Phaeded wrote: 01 Apr 2020, 23:35 I know you're not on board (maybe considering it ;-) with my ethnogenic premise, but thank you for sharing that. It only makes sense that the Besozzo's illumination matched the text; I just can't believe Castelletto tediously read off every name in the genealogy.
Oh, but he did. Folio 4r-v, answering to the virtue "Magnificentia." (it is a twelvfold scheme, four sets of three virtues, how Giangaleazzo exemplied each)
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b ... checontact

So this genealogy, "tediously" narrated (not so tedious if you are caught up in the narrative), proved the illustrious origins and antiquity of the family from Angleria.

Castelletto says (f. 4 line 18) Aeneas is "filii Anchisis ex Venere iuniore filia Iovis," the son of Anchises from Venus junior, the daughter of Jove. Now the story of Anchises and Venus is in Boccaccio (VI, 51), and in the Vatican mythographers, but they do not say which Venus it is, just that he was loved by Venus. So it is unclear to me what Castelletto might have meant by "Venus junior," as opposed to the other Venuses. But in DSH it doesn't matter, they are all conflated, and this story is not part of Marziano's description, although we can assume that he and Filippo Maria knew the genealogy.

The full sentence is:

Anglus ergo filius Ascanii filii Enee filii Anchisis ex Venere iuniore filia Iovis, venit ad has Ligurie partes et edificavit civitatem Anglerie a quo hic dux nostrei novellus Anglus appellatur.

Now Anglus, the son of Ascanius the son of Aeneas the son of Anchises from Venus Junior the daughter of Jove, came to these regions of Liguria and built the city of Angleria, after which this our new duke is called Anglus.

It looks like this is another, maybe the next, big project. I don't know if the sermon has even been edited and published before.
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Ross G. R. Caldwell wrote: 02 Apr 2020, 08:57 It looks like this is another, maybe the next, big project. I don't know if the sermon has even been edited and published before.
Yes, it has. First by Muratori, in 1730, then by Maiocchi, in 1906. Their manuscript was one now in the Ambrosiana, not the Paris one with Michelino's illustrations (which neither apparently knew).

Reprint of Muratori text in Rodolfo Maiocchi, Codex Diplomaticus Ord. E.S. Augustini Papiae, volumen II (ab anno MCCCCI ad annum MD) Pavia, 1906, pp. 13-23 (Doc. CXL)
https://archive.org/details/codexdiplom ... 2/mode/2up

Ludovico Muratori, Rerum italicarum scriptores XVI (1730), columns 1038-1050.
https://archive.org/details/RerumItalic ... 5/mode/2up
The earlier texts from columns 1015ff. include the order of the funeral, on 20 October 1402, with all the names of the most distinguished attendees, as well as his epitaph, and then the sermon of Pietro Castelletto.

For all Muratori texts, the first place to go is the Centro di studi muratoriani, “Rerum italicarum scriptores” page:
https://www.centrostudimuratoriani.it/strumenti/ris/

I have copied the fulltext OCR version below, without taking the time to correct it. This can be done over time.
https://archive.org/stream/codexdiploma ... t_djvu.txt

Elogio funebre di Gian Galeazzo Visconti, recitato nel Palazzo ducale di Milano,
da frate Pietro da Castelletto eremitano di Pavia (1).

1402, ottobre, 20.

(1) Frate Pietro da Castelletto, come appariri dai nostri documenti, appartenne alla Comunita di S. Agostino di Pavia e fu professore di Teologia neirUniversitJ. Frate Andrea Billia (Hist. Mediol. in Rer. ital. scrip. XIX, U) scrisse che « defuncti (G. Galeazzo) laudationem, non minirne pro illo tempore infacundam habuit Petrus Papiensis, homo nostri Ordinis frater, caeteris (nam multi orationes dederant) eo maxime praelatus, quia stirpem Ducis, nominatis gradibus, in usque Aeneam produxerat «. Notiamo che frate Andrea Billia scrisse e probabilmente presento, in occasione dei funerali di Oian Galeazzo, una orazione funebre in lode del Duca, che ora si conserva fra i mss. dell' Ambrosiana di Milano. Vedi Ph. ARGELATI, Biblioth. Scriptor. Mediolan., Milano, 1745; 10. FEL. OSSINOER, Biblioth. Augustin., Ingolstadt, 1768, pag. 132. Frate Pietro da Castelletto secondo le annotazioni di Gerolamo Bossi (Studio, vol. ms. dell'Univ.) fu ammesso nel Collegio dei dottori teologi deirUniversitS nel 1397, o nel 1398, al quale Collcgio, dagli ultimi anni del secolo XIV al 1407, sarebbero stati inscritti anclie gli Eremitani Domenico da Forli, Bertolino Beccari d'Alessandria, Giovanni d'Alcssandria, Giovanni di Alemagna (forse fratc Giovanni di Rccz), Agostino da Casale, Paolo Cambiago.

(MURATORI, Rer ital. scrip., XVI, 1038-1050).

Sermo factus, et recitatus per Magistrum Petrum de Castelletto Ordinis Eremitarum Sancti
Augustini in exsequiis quondam Illustrissimi Domini Ducis Mediolani, Papiae, Virtutumque
Comitis. ac Bononiae, Pisarum, Senarum et Perusii Domini, lohannis Galeaz. MCCCCII, Vige-
simo Octobris, Mediolani in ejus Palatio, hora XXI.

HEU Principes et Magistratus! heu Praesules et ingens Senatus! heu Nobiles et
Civium apparatus! quid ad aegros solandos aegrior missus sum? quid crudo
vulneri cicatricem superducere conor ? quid tanto virtutum splendore heic adu-
nato, inscius et ignarus coram blaterare praesumo ? Haec me arcent, ne loquar : haec mu-
tum efficiunt. Sed praepotentissimi, illustrissimi et magnificentissimi Ducis nostri commune
dispendium urget ne sileam : coarctat, ut eius laudes toti mundo vobis fulgentes depromam,
quod niihi tani facile foret, quam noctuae solis radios clara luce intueri. Dicam tamen, non
ex fiducia ingenii, ac divino perfusus numine, sed quod pro modulo meae parvitatis suf-
ficiet, proponens vestris majestatibus ad honorem nostri Ducis verbum, quod scribitur Primo
Machabaeorum, XIII, in fine Capituli : Posuit eum Ducem virtutum universaram.

O mortalium miseranda conditio, quae semper in arduum labentium rerum inaniter
tendis, ut lapsu graviore ruas! Quaeris heic fulgentia diademata, honores eximios, longosque
potentatus, ubi nuila potentia potens est, nullum verus honos, nullum consistens diadema ;
sed omnia casus humana rotat, et quidquid in altum fortuna tulit ruitura levat. Respice Re-
ges et Regna quondam, atque imperia inter laudantium ora atque mirantium repente cor-
ruisse, ut detur intelligi, qui haec sectantur, non ad id quo tendunt, evolant, sed ad ima de-
decorose saepissime dilabuntur, iuxta Evangelicum dictum : qui se exaltat. Iiumiliabitur, Lucae
XIV. Quisquis ergo Dux et Comes Virtutum esse concupiscit, stabili fixoque gradu manere,
inter radiantes Coelicolarum clioros feliciter collocari, normam virtutum, ut hic Dux noster
fecit, (Jiscat imitari, quia, ut inquit Tullius in Pliilippicis : Omnia alia inccrta sunt, mobilia,
ct caduca : Virtus est una, altissimis infixa radicibus, quac nulla vi labcfactart potcst, ncc
dimovcrt loco. Quicumque ergo virtutum vestigia sequctur, ut liic inclyfus Dux noster, me-
rito sibi dicetur, quod et sibi a priiicipio diximus: posuit cum Duccm virtutum universarum.
Quod fuit thema : pro cuius declaratione potest talis ratio formari. Quisquis compositae
mentis in falo vitae praesentis aeterni Ducis signa sequitur animose, illum Deus ponit ducem
virtutum universarum. Sed Dux noster inclytus, mente coelo deditus, aeterni Ducis signa
mirifice est sequutus : ergo illum Deus posuit ducem virtutum universarum. Prima pars an-
tecedentis patet per illud Apostoli, Secundae ad Thessalonicenses, I : Non cnini dcdit nobis
Dcus spirttum timorts scd virtutis. Et Ecclesiastici, XL : Virtutcs cxaltant cor. Et haec pauca
de prima parte antecedentis. Secunda pars antecedentis, quae est: sed Dux noster inclytus
etc. patet per illud Job, XViil : vesti<{ia eius sequutus cst pes mcus ; viam ejus custodivi, et
non declinavi ex ea ; a mandatis labiorum cius non recessi, ct in sinu mco abscondi vcrba oris
cius. Ut igitur ciarius pateat, ipsum Ducem fuisse virtutuni universarum, quia radium solis
pro insigne portabat, ideo capiti suo ponemus Coronam quatuor radiis distinctam, et in
quolibet radio tres stellas fulgentes, idest tres virtutes. De qua corona scribitur Apocalypsis
VII : In capite eius corona stellarum duodecim, quae sunt duodecim virtutes.

In radio ergo frontali erunt tres stellae, scilicet Fidcs, Spcs, Caritas. Si ergo, Dux Ma-
gnifice, tua Fides quaeratur, certe multa est fides tua. Scribitur Threnorum III, de qua loquitur
gloriosus pater noster Augustinus, IV de Civitate Dei, Cap. XX: Fides est, cuius primum ct
maximum officium est, ut in vcrum Deum crcdatur. Credidit ergo Dux noster, et novit trinam
Unitatem, et unicain Triiiitatem, scilicet Patrem, Filium, Spiritum Sanctum, non tres Deos,
sed unum Deum adorare, colere, et timere; ubique illum novit esse praesentem; novit illuin
in quolibet loco, quem non concludit locus, et praesens invenitur in omni loco. Novit illum,
qui aspicit terram et facit eam tremcre, qui tangit montes ct fumigant, qui novit malos longa
patientia sustinere, impios gratis iustificare, perseverantes in malo, iusto iudicio, iudicare. Et
ideo hanc Fidem in hac vita hostili tamquam in castris bellicis capiti suo imposuit, ut sua
mens non quateretur ictu adversarii verberata, ipsa pro lorica totum corpus induit, ut ne
unum quidem membrum corporis sui reperiret diabolus destitutuni, per quod irrepere posset
ad totum corpus; ipsam tamquam scutum assumpsit, per quam ignita ininiici iacula posset
extinguere. Et non solum Deo fidem formatam servavit, verum etiam hostibus, contra quos
bellum gerebat, licet ab eisdem sibi ut plurimum fracta fuerit : imitatus Principes Romanos,
qui etiam hostibus fidem servarunt. Nec umquam notari potuit quod fuerit foedifragus, vel
fidei fractor; ut merito sibi dicamus illud Lucae, VIII: Inclyte Dux, magna est Fides tua :
vade in pace.

Sequitur stella secunda, scilicet Spes. Solent namque f^rincipes quidam inaniter sperare
in altitudine potentiae, in latitudine famae, in profunditate divitiarum. Si potentia quaeritur,
quis potentior isto ? quis, oro, bella, quis pugnas, quis acies ordinatas, quis hostium cuneos
refractos, quis eruptiones ac repentinos impetus in adversos, quis destructiones praesidiorum
hostilium, quis auxilia et commeatus in amicos, quas victorias gloriosas non modo vetustas,
verum his diebus adeptas, quos triumphos inenarrabiles contra Communitates, Marchiones,
Tyrannos, Duces, Comites, verum etiam Reges et Caesares gloriose adeptus fuerit, digne
et laudabiliter explicabit ? Et nota, quod numquam fuit causa movens vel primaria bello-
rum atque guerrarum, sed sibi iilatas viriliter defendit. Fuit ergo servator civium, victor



15

hostium, puiiitor sontium et militiae restaurator. Nec mirum; nam Deus pugnavit pro eo,
et vicit, ut scribitur ludicum, IX. Sed in his victoriis non speravit, sciens scriptum esse Ec-
clesiastici, X: Omnis potentatiu brevis. Si famam quaerimus, quis huius Principis famam
terrarum angulus ignorat ? Nam, ut incipiamus ab ultimis, non Britannia, non Hispania, non
Gallia, non Germania, non Italia, non Sardinia, non Cyprus, non Creta, non Dalmatia,
non Graecia, non Pamphilia, non Lycia , non Isauria, non /Egyptus, non Lybia et
Pontus, non denique aliarum gentium nationes huius famae Principis expertes sunt. Nam
nemora Damasci peregrinis odoribus referta, thuris ac balsami silvas huius famae Principis
odor penetravit. Testantur dona per omnes mundi tractus ab huiusmodi Principe diu quo-
tidieque prolata, indeque remissa. Sed neque in hoc speravit, sciens scriptum esse Eccle-
siastici, III : Malae famae cst, qui derelinquit patrem suiim, scilicet Deum. Si divitias quaerimus,
certe hic animo Crnesi divitias aequaverat, vir in nuiltis alios, in aedificandi magnificentia se
vincens. Testantureius divitias donatae per eum iunumerabiles pecuniae, Regum ac Principum
familiaritates, suffragia Populorum, tyria sericaque supellectilis, aureae mensae, vasa corinthia,
augusta palatia, coelestes thalami, praeclara connubia, et magnorum virorum huius magnifici
Ducis familiaritates. Sed in hoc non speravit, sciens scriptum illud Apostoli, I ad Timo-
theum, VI: Praecipe divitibus fuiius sacculi non sublime saperc ncc sperare in incerto divitiarum.
Speravit autem in Deo, dicens illud Psalmi XXVIII : //; ipso, scilicet Deo, sperav/Y cor meum,
et adiutus sum. Cui Deus respondet illud Psalmi XC : Quoniam in me speravit, liberabo eum,
scilicet a poenis purgatoriis, protegam eum ab inimicis, quoniam cognovit nomcn meum.

Sequitur tertia stella, scilicet Caritas, quae minus quam inter duos haberi non potest,
in cuius operibus se maxime exercuit; de qua dicit Beatus Augustinus in Libro de laude
Caritatis : Caritas est fons omnium bonorum, munimen egregium, ct via quae ducit ad coclum.
Quis huius Ducis infinitas esplicet caritates? Ante deficiet dies, quam harum partem dixe-
rim. Dicam tamen. Non pertransiit dies sui principatus, quin trecenti pauperes et ultra, eius
victu reficerentur, praeter quas manu sua faciebat quinquagies in anno, tot pechionos dando
singillatim, quot annos habebat, et vocabantur sue devotiones. In die Jovis Sancti semper
duodecim pauperibus, velut duodecim Apostolis, genu flexo pedes lavabat, osculum pedibus
figebat exemplo ducis sui Christi ; ipsos novis vestiendo vestibus, ipsis in mensa serviendo,
ipsis postremo tot florenos dando singillatim, quot annos habebat. Quis dotes virginibus
traditas esplicet? quis nobiles pauperes relevatos enumeret? quis clandestinas eius caritates,
ut inanem gloriam vitaret, factas narrabit? quis pecunias peregrinis elargitas dicet, qui-
busdam ad Sanctum Sepulchrum, quibusdam ad Sanctam Catherinam, quibusdam ad San-
ctum Jacobum, quibusdam Romam, quibusdam ad alia sacra loca euntibus? Vestivit ergo
nudos, pavit famelicos, potavit sitibundos, vinctos e carcere liberavit, hospites ut filios recepit,
infirmos curari fecit, et mortuis honestas exequias condonavit. Si affligebatur Populus suus
ex gravibus quandoque impositionibus, omnium in se vertebat dolorem, suspirans, gemens
et illachrymans, quod ad hoc arctaretur, suorum subsannans perfidiam inimicorum, ob quam
ad haec cogebatur. Malebat tamen rem suam publicam sic esse, quam videre incensas ab
hostibus urbes, ecclesias manu sacrilega derobari, matronas prostitutas, oppressas virgines,
et ante ora patrum filios jugulari, infinitaque huiusmodi mala, quae a praedonibus et sicariis
impune exerceri solent. Rigate ergo ora lachrymis, o patres, et fontes amarissimos ab oculis
educite omnes, quia defecit gaudium cordis nostri : vcrsus est iu luctum chorus noster: ccci-
dit corona capdis nostri: vae nobis, ut scribitur Threnorum ultimo. Et sic patet de primo
radio coronae Ducis nostri.



16

In destrali autem radio sunt aliae tres stellae, scilicet Justitia, Fortitudo, Temperantia.
Justitia autem, ut ait Psalmista, est declinare a malo et faccre bonum. Quod autem Dux
noster a malo declinaverit et fecerit bonum, patebit discurrendo; nam ipse attendebat illud
Ecclesiastici, XVI: Deus homines secundum opera sua iudicat, et illud Apocalypsis, XIV:
Opera enim illorum sequuntur illos. Et vere huius Ducis nustri opera secuta sunt euni, qui
neminem iniuste per potentiam oppressit; qui sine personarum acceptione inter virum et
proximum suum iuste iudicavit; qui pupillis et viduis defensor exstitit; qui cohibuit furta,
adulteria punivit, iniquos non exaltavit, impudicos et histriones non nutrivit ; impios de
terra, parricidas, et prave viventes vivere prohibuit. Ecclesias defendit, pauperes eleemo-
synis aluit, iustos super sui dominii negotia constituit, senes et sapientes et sobrios con-
siliarios habet et habuit. Iracundiam distulit, patriam iuste et fortiter contra adversarios de-
fendit, per omnia in Deo confidit. In prosperitatibus non se elevavit, cuncta adversa patienter
toleravit. Fidem Catholicam servavit. Filios suos impie agere non permisit. Certis horis
orationi institit. Ante horas congruas cibum non gustavit; multisque aliis iustis operibus
plenus, dicere potuit illud Psalmi XVII : Deus praecinxit me virtute, ct posuit immaculatam
viam mcam : qui perfecit pedes meos tamquam cervorum, et super excelsa staiuet me. Cui et
nos respondere possumus illud Psalmi CXVIII: Magnifice Du\, Justitia tua, iustitia in aeter-
num, et lex tua veritas.

Sequitur secunda stella huius radii, quae est Fortitudo eius animi atque potentia, de
qua scribitur Ecclesiastici, XLllI : Ipsc terribilis Dominus et magnus vehementer, et mirabilis
potentia ipsius, scilicet animi. Et vere mirabilis. Nam dum hic Dux inclytus noster monar-
chiae fraena regebat, omnia pacato et tranquillo statu viguerunt, secundum quod mortalibus
accidere potest, eamdem faciem semper placidam et inconcussam servans: utque ait illustris
Franciscus Petrarca in Bucolicis suis, Ecloga II :

Omnia namque oculis unas, nec fallimur, ille
Laetificare suos et faecundare solebat.
lllo silva fuit semper sub Principe tuta.
Pax inerat fronti, et purgabat nubila verbo.

Et ideo fuit velut alter Julius Caesar, de quo scribitur, quod pratientissimus fuit in su-
stinentia contumeliarum, in remissione iniuriarum, et in moderatione poenarum. Sic Dux
noster multas contumelias ab aemulis sustinuit non solum verbis, sed et scriptis per omnes
mundi plagas, ut horror sit non soium dicere, sed et cogitare. Multas iniurias etiam rcmi-
sit animo volenti, quaerens cum omnibus pacem, non ex animi pusillanimitate, sed ex qua-
dam mentis humanitate. Moderator etiam fuit in poenis; nam neque sanguinem fudit,
neque sanguinem umquam iussit ab aliquo fundi ex vindicta aut animi perturbatione, non
solum in suis, verum etiam in exteris, quod in correptione paterna erga filios vix inveniri
potest. Sciebat enim scriptum esse illud Jacobi, primo: Ira viri iustitiam Dei nonoperatur;
atque iilud Psalmistae: Irascimini, et nolitc peccarc. Fuit ergo in adversis serenus, in pro-
speris cautus, et humilis occultator virtutum, sicut vitiorum et vanae gloriae contemptor,
nullius prudentiam despiciens, ut merito dicat illud Psalmi CXVII : Fortitudo mea ct laus
mca Dominus : et factus cst mihi in salutem.

Sequitur tertia stella huius radii, quae est Tcmpcrantia. Nam hic Dux noster tempera-
tissimus fuit: omnia enim superflua circumciderat, et in arctum constrinxerat. Si enim eius



17

cibum quaerimus et potum, ut inquit Seneca, palatiim siiiim famcs excitavit, non sapores;
unico pastu in die contentus, ne contra sententiam Piatonis bis in die saturaretur. Jeiuniis,
vigiliis, abstinentiis ab Ecclesia ordinatis salubriter vacavit, alia superaddendo ieiunia quo-
runuiam Sanctorum sibi devotorum. Et ut breviter dicam de eius Temperantia in incessu,
statu, iialiitu et in omnibus motibus suis, nihil fecit quod cuiusquam oftenderet aspectum,
sed quod suam deceret honestatem, attendens iliud Ciceronis dicentis: Tcmperantia cst virtus
animam regcns circa delectationcs corporalcs. Quae quidem virtus niaxime necessaria est
Principibus, de qua scribitur Ecclesiastes X: \ac tibi terra, ciiiiis rex pucr est, non quidem
annorum sed morum, et cuius Principcs mane comcdunt. Bcata tcrra cuius Rex nobilis cst,
ct cuius Principes vescuntur in tcmpore suo ad rcficicndum ct non ad luxuriam. Et Prover-
biorum 11! scribitur: Noli Regibus darc vinum, quia nullum sccrctum, ubi rcgnat cbrietas: ne
fortc bibant, et obliviscantur iudiciorum et mutent causam filiorum paupcris. Exemplum reci-
tat Valerius Maximus dicens, quod quum Phiiippus Rex Macedo temulentus esset, iniustam
sententiam contra quamdam viduam tulit; quae accedens ad ipsum dixit, se appellare a
Philippo ebrio ad Philippum sobrium: qui quum vinum digessisset, sententiam revocavit.
Haec omnia considerans Dux noster magnificus tam in hac virtute emicuit, ut se ipso
contentus esset, sciens scriptum esse Proverbiorum XXVI: Omnis autcm ponderatio non
est digna continentis animac. Et sic patet de secundo radio coronae nostri Ducis.

In sinistrali autem radio sunt aliae tres stellae, scilicet Prudentia, Pietas, ct Clementia.
Eius namque Prudentia patet in hoc, quia scivit discernere bona, vera, et solida a labentibus
et caducis, quamquam haec delectent et perstringant oculos intuentiuni. Cepit autem consi-
lium Apostoli dicentis ad Colossenses III: Quae sursum sunt quacrite non qaae super tcrram.
Et illud primae lohannis, II: Nolite diligerc mundum, ncquc ca quae in inundo sunt. Quod
autem seculi huius bona oculos amantium perstringant, demulceantque, patet discurrendo
per singula. Nam delectat et mulcet mirabilis coelica materia in aere iucundo, in lumine
solis splendido, in augmento lunae et defectu, in varietate stellarum et motu. Delectat
terra in nemorum floribus, in fructuum suavitatibus, in pratorum rivulorumque amenitatibus,
in segetum culmis luxuriantibus, in vinearum foliis et bottonibus plenis, in palmitibus ten-
sis, in umbris silvarum, et cespitibus cunctis, in equorum, canumque cursibus, in cervorum
caprarumque saltibus, in pavonum, columbarum, turturumque pennis et collis lucentibus,
in domorum pictis muris et laquearibus, in organorum omnium musicorum tinnulis cantan-
tibus, in mulierum venustis aspectibus. earumque oculis, superciliis et crinibus, genis et gut-
ture, labiis et naso, manibus, collo, et pedibus, atque extrinsecus pretiosis adhibitis vestibus,
auro et gemmis distinctis, monilibus miris, murenulis, variisque terrestribus ; et multa alia,
quae meus modo non recolit sensus. Sed certe inquit Dux noster, quamquam ista demul-
ceant, quae sub coelo sunt, quanto magis ea delectant quae super coelos sunt, quia si
carcer mundi huius pulcher est, patria, civitas, et domus qualis est? si talia sunt quae
heic incolunt peregrini, qualia sunt, quae ibi possident filii? si mortales et miseri in hac
vita taliter sunt remunerati, immortales et beati qualiter sunt in illa vita ditati, ubi nulla
necessitas turbat, nulla adversitas angustat, nuila molestia inquietat, sed perennis laetitia
regnat? Ideo inquit Dux noster: £/e^/ abiectus esse magis in domo Dci mci, quam liabitarc
in tabernaculis peccatorum, ut scribitur Psalmo XCIV.

Sequitur secunda stella huius radii, quae est Pictas erga Dei cultum. Nam hic Dux
noster sacra Missarum dietim videbat et audiebat genibus flexis tam attente, ut ipsum ra-
ptum ad superos crederes, semper corde et labiis orans, percutiensque pectus suum Deo

3



18

veniam postulabat. Qiiibus peractis bis terque in hebdomada confitebatur semiprostratus
ante pedes patrini sui, ct quotidie per horam post Missam solus orabat attente Christi
maiestatem capite detecto. Officium autem Beatae Virginis gloriosae, cui se totum commi-
serat, et quam singularissimam habuit advocatam, cum plurimis dicebat. et si quando
urgente casu vei infirmitate Missam non audiret, pro huiusmi)di scelere expiando pauperibus
florenos decem ea die erogari faciebat, sciens scriptum Lucac XI: Date eleemosinam, et
omnia munda sunt vobis. Horum omnium testis sum, qui sua erga me singulari benivolentia
ac paterna affectione ad haec visenda et audienda numquam prohibitus sum. Fundator etiam
extitit atque auctor plurium ecciesiarum, quas ditavit dotibus amplissimis. et praecipue
Monasterii Carthusiensis Papiae, cui ex singulari devotione sui corporis reiiquias, ut fertur
novissime reliquit. i^dificavit etiam Papiae ecclesiam Sancti Spiritus cum claustro et cum
magnis proventibus, ubi statuit perpetuo Canonicos duodecim stare, et pro sua suorumque
salute devotius orare. In Mediolano construxit Monasterium, quod appellator Castellacium,
et opulenter dotavit, posuitque monachos sancti Hieronymi. In eadem urbe fabricae Maioris
Ecclesiae mensuatim quingentos florenos dabat. Romae disposuerat in honorem Virginis
gloriosae ecclesiam construere ad instar eiusdem. quae dicitur Sancta Maria Maior, vel
Sancta Maria ad Nives, et iam quosdam ex suis iliuc pro hac re miserat. A^isit etiam multa
florenorum millia pro reparatione ecclesiae Sancte Mariae de Bethleem, ubi corpus Beatae
Virginis gloriosae ab Apostolis deiatum fuerat, et de qua dicit beatus Hieronymus, quod
miro opere tabulata erat, sed, prohibente Soldano infideli, opus non habuit effectum. Papiae
in fundatione ecclesiae Sancti Antonii obtulit florenos centum, et totidem in ecclesia Sancte
Mariae de Carmelo Papiae, ac totidem Sancte Mariae Dioecesis Cremonensis, quae vulgo
dicitur de Caroberto per me misit, de quibus fieri feci unum pulcherrimum paramentum,
quod usque in hodiernum diem servatur. Aliis innumeris ecclesiis multa in pecunia et io-
calibus donavit, de quibus longum esset dicere. Fecit etiam iocale pulcherrimum brachii
S. Antonii de Vienna, ornatum lapidibus pretiosis, inter quos robinum posuit multis millibus
aureis aestimatum, et arcam Sancti Augustini Papiae. opus egregium, ut pluries dixerat,
perficere disponebat. At quid moror? duo, quae superexcedunt omnia sua pietatis officia,
dimiseram. ad quae nunc viribus omnibus intendebat. Primum unire disruptam, quassatam,
et diu laceratam Dei Ecclesiam sumptibus suis, nil aliud quaerens, a Regibus et Principibus
Christianis, quam super hoc eorum consensum, unde pro hac materia iam ad quemdam
Principem legatum miserat venerabilem quendam Magistrum in Theologia Ordinis mei.
Secundum opus, ad quod intendebat, erat pacem ponere in Imperio, et ad hoc totus fer-
vebat, omniaque paraverat, ut Ecclesiasticus atque Augustus Romani Principes pace et be-
nivolentia iungerentur. Sed tam optimis principiis an nostra flagitia, an quid aliud obstiterit,
soli Deo linquamus. Dicat ergo Dux noster magnificus de se, quod de ^^naea dixit optimus
Vates scribens virum pium : Sum pius Enaeas, idest :

Sum pius Johannes (Galeaz) fama super aethera notus.

Nam : Pietas ad omnia utilis est, ut scribitur primae ad Timotheum, IV.

Sequitur tertia stella huius radii, quae est Clementia; facta enim egregia Principum, et
exempla virtuosa plus provocant subditos ad imitationem, quam imperia, ut inquit Claudia-
nus ad Imperatorem Theodosium: componitur orbis Regis ad exemplum. Sic Dux noster sibi
dictum putavit illud Virgilii, >Eneidos VI :

Hae tibi erunt artes, pacique imponere morem,
Parcere subiectis, et debellare superbos.



19

Et ideo sua clementia miiitos attraxit ad sui imitationem et amicitiam, muitds ad iugum
atque subiectionem, ut propter lianc, velut alter Julius Caesar, Pater patriae diceretur. Et li-
cet (ut Julius Caesar ad Occidentem, Magnus Pompeius ad Orientem, Scipio Africanus ad
Meridiem, Marius ad Septemtrionem) hic Dux noster ab Oriente, Occidente. Septemtrione,
atque Meridie multas urbes atque oppida regno patrio subiugaverit, semper clementior et
humilior factus est, attendens illud Senecae primo de Clementia, dicentis : Excogitarc ncmo
quicqiiam poterit, quod magis decorum sit rcgenti quam Clemcntia. Idco Clcmentia roborabi-
tur thronus eius, scribitur Proverbiorum XIV. Numquid ad eius clementiam, velut ad tutis-
simum portum non confugere Nobiles Etruscorum Populi, armis indomiti, et colla subigere
suo iugo volentes, ut illustres civitates Pisarum et Perusina (in quarum laudibus muita
dicere erat animus, sed non est praesentis specuiationis) atque civitas Senarum, quae nul-
lius umquam Principis senserit habenas, hunc Ducem ut patrem et dominum dulciter am-
plexata est? Et tu nobilissima Bononia, studiorum mater et alumna dignissima, fessa caede
et sanguine tuorum, magis clementia huius Principis victa es, quam armis, pacem diu et
requiem quaesieras, nec inveniebas; pacem ac requiem sub alis huius tui paranymphi feii-
citer invenisti. \n hoc ergo gaude te coniunctam nobis, et nos una tecum gaudere debemus
te nostram habere consortem. Hoc votum postulavit iiic Princeps a Deo ante sui decessum
ut pacem videret in Dei Ecclesia atque Imperio, sin minus in Italia, sin minus in Lombar-
dia; quod novissimum habuit, sibi iuncta Bononia. Multae aliae urbes et oppida sub huius
Ducis clementia militare voluerunt, sed quia non fuit cupidus invasor aliarum rerum, illas
sprevit. Fuit enim contentus suis finibus, sciens quod vepricosi et lubrici sunt humanorum
gradus ascensuum, tremulus vertex, praecipitium horrendum, et quod aegre conscenditur
ad eminentem statum, anxie ibi consistitur, graviter inde ac repente descenditur. Et o
quam multa se offert materia dicendi in eius laudes! sed fraenabo impetum, haoc partem
concludens. Omnia namque fecit, quibus esset amabilis potius quam timendus quadam huic
mansuetudine atque clementia, huic munificentia et liberalitate mirabili, ut merito de ipso
vobis dicam, quod scribitur Psalmo CX : Virtutem operum suorum annuntiabit Populo suo.
Et sic patet de tertio radio coronae nostri Ducis.

In posteriori autem radio sunt aliae tres stellae, scilicet : Magnificentia, Intelligentia, et
Humilitas. De eius namque Magnificentia scribitur primo Paralipomenon, XXIX : Dcdit illi
gloriam Deus, qualem nullus liabuit. Si enim huius gloriosae Domus Vicecomeae exordia
quisquam prospiciat, certe ut de hac quidam doctus ait Vates :

Caesareos numerabit Avos, numerabit lulum,
Et patrem Aineam pcr longa cxordia dicet.
Progenies antiqua Jovi gratissima, terras
Quae Ligurum regit ct iustis moderatur liabenis.

Et quia multi oblatrant, ut canes ad lunam, et sicut coeci de coloribus iudicant. di-
centes Domum non esse nobilem vel antiquam, ideo placuit exordium per successionem
usque in praesens deducere, ut si laudare nolunt, saltem tacere discant vel inviti. Anglus
ergo filius Ascanii, filii i^neae, filii Anchisis, ex Venere iuniore filia Jovis, venit ad has Li-
guriae partes, et aedificavit civitatem Angleriae, a quo hic Dux noster novellus Anglus
appellatur. Qua aedificata sibi primum imposuit regium diadema, et dictus est primus Rex
Angleriae. A quo descendit Anglus Junior Rex Angleriae et Mediolani, a quo descendit



20

Ascanius Junior Rex Angleriae et Mediolani, a quo Abida Rex Angleriae et Mediolani, a
quo Sisoch Rex Angleriae et Mediolani, a quo Julus Rex Anglc:iae et Mediolani, a quo
Pucentius Rex Angleriae et Mediolani, a quo Eiimach Rex Anglerie et Medioiani, a quo
Gemebundus Rex Angleriae et Medioiani, a quo Albanichus Rex Angieriae et Mediolani,
cuius tempore Romulus aedificavit Romam; a quo Astatius Rex Angleriae et Mediolani,
tempore quo Numa Pompilius Romae regnavit; a quo Falaramundus Rex Angleriae et Me-
diolani et Tusciae. a quo alter Elimach Rex Angleriae et Mediolani et Tusciae, a quo
Rechius Rex Angleriae et Mediolani et Tusciae, a quo Bellovesus Rcx totius Italiae, a quo
Bruniscendus Rex totius Italiae, a quo Briennius Rex Angleriae et Mediolani, a quo alter
Bruniscendus Rex totius Italiae, qui debellavit Gallicos, a quo Agates Rex Angleriae
et Mediolani, a quo Rutilaus Rex Angleriae et Mediolani, hic Romam debellavit ; a quo
Falaramundus Rex Angleriae et Mediolani, a quo Bridomarus Rex Angleriae et Medio-
lani, a quo Lucius Rex Angleriae et Mediolani, cuius tempore Magnus Pompeius et Julius
Caesar magnum conflictum iniere simul, et heic cessavit regni diadema per aliquos annos.
Post de eadem domo Angleriae surrexit Ubertus Vicecomes, qui extra Portam Novam
Mediolani, ubi nuiic sita est ecclesia Sancti Dionysii, magnum draconem infestum urbi
singulari certaminc clava peremit ; a quo Maximianus Rex Angleriae et Mediolani, et
totius Liguriae. Hic missus a Papa Gelasio contra Theodoricum Regem barbarum atque
arianum, totam infestantem Italiam, de ipso victoriam obtinuit, atque ab eodem Pon-
tifice pro se suisque multas dignitates adeptus est. A quo Milo Rex Angleriae et Me-
diolani, a quo Rolandus Rex Angleriae et Mediolani. Hic aedificavit Arcem Angleriae
cum puteo mirabili, qui usque hodie dicitur Puteus Rolandi ; a quo alter Milo Rex
Angleriae et Mediolani , a quo Alionus Rex Angleriae et Mediolani , hunc Alboinus
primus Rex Langobardorum in adventu suo privavit regio diademate. Nam tunc temporis
Medioianum destructum erat ab Odoardo Rege Gothorum, ex quo dictus Alionus, nondum
reparatis moenibus civitatis, ab Alboino se defendere nequivit. Remansit autem Comes An-
gleriae, a quo Galvaneus Comes Angleriae, a quo Perideus Rex Angleriae et Mediolani.
Hic plura bella contra Romanos feliciter gessit; a quo Rachis Rex Langobardorum, a quo
Agistulphus Rex Langobardorum, qui maximam familiaritatem habuit cum Pippino Rege
Francorum; a quo Desiderius novissimus Rex Langobardorum, qui claruit Anno Domino DCCVI
victoriarum felicissimus, inter quas de CCC millibus Saracenorum Romam et Castrum de
Vico, in quo Papa Adrianus et Rex Carolus Magnus dicti Regis cognatus obscssi erant,
gloriosum duxit triumphum, captis ex eis XXII Regibus cum ducentis millibus armatorum,
et septuaginta millibus eorum caesis; a quo Bernardus Comes Angleriae, a quo Guido Co-
mes Angleriae, a quo Otto Coraes Angleriae, a quo Berengarius Imperator totius Italiae,
cuius exstant pulcherrima privilegia, quibusbam Papiae monasteriis elargita, quae vidi et
legi, suoque sigillis impresso capite; a quo Ugo Imperator totius Italiae, a quo Fulcus
Comes Angleriae, a quo Obizo Comes Angleriae, qui fuit Marescallus prinii Ottonis Impe-
ratoris, et monasterium de Arona fundavit. A quo Facius Comes Angleriae, a quo Heri-
prandus Vicecomes ex Comitibus Angleriae, qui dictus est Miles millenarius, eo quod sub
se mille milites haberet. Hic in singulari certamine Baverium nepotem Conradi Imperatoris
Mediolanum obsidentis devicit, et amputato capite, in dedecus patrui sui, illum suspendi
fecit per pedes in arcu triumphali, qui tunc erat extra Portam Romanam Mediolani. A quo
Otto Vicecomes, qui cum Gothofredo de Buglono ad Terram Sanctam acquirendam prope-
ravit, et quemdam Regem Saracenorum, viperam cum homine excoriato super galeam ge-



21

stantem, singulari certamine devicit, illiusque galeam capiti suo imposuit, et ad perpetuam
rei memoriam toti suae posteritati portandam tradidit. A quo Andreas Rex Angieriae et
Mediolani, a quo Galvaneus Comes Angieriae et Dominus Medioiani. Hic a suis proditus
fuit manibusque Friderici Imperatoris Barbaerubeae traditus, qui et Mediolanum destruxit,
et liunc Gaivaneum cum XXII Comitibus Angleriae et quibusdam Nobiiibus Mediolani,
ut predictam Domum funditus destrueret, secum in Alamanniam ad perpetuum exilium
duxit, ipsosque regio diademate et Comitatu privavit, et abinde usque in hodiernum
diem dicti sunt Vicecomites. Et heic Domus Angleriae maximum passa est dispendium. Ex
quorum reliquiis, interpoiatis temporibus, postea surrexit Ubertus Vicecomes de Vorio de
predicta Domo Angleriae, a quo descendit Obizo et Otto archiepiscopus et dominus Me-
diolani. A quo Obizone Tibaldus Vicecomes, vir armis strenuus, a quo Magnus Matthaeus
Dominus Mediolani ct multarum Urbium Lombardiae, a quo plures filii, et quidam eorum
Domini Mediolani, scilicet Galeaz, lohannes Archiepiscopus et Dominus Mediolani, Luchi-
nus, Marcus, et Stephanus. A quo Stephano Galeaz Dominus Mediolani. Qui Galeaz cum
Comite de Aynaldo Hierusalem perrexit, ibique ab eo baltheo militari succinctus est, deinde
Galliam veniens in singulari certamine quemdam Militem vicit, ac eius exuvias in signum
victoriae deportavit, leonem in igne cum cimerio, et baculum tenentem cum duabus segiis
pendentibus. A quo noster inclytus lohannes Galeaz Dux Mediolani etc. de quo nunc me-
moria agitur, et a quo Johannes Maria Anglus Dux novissimus, et Philippus Maria Comes
Papiae. Et haec ex eorum Annalibus elicui.

Nunc de parentellis et affinitatibus eius dicamus. Nam hic Dux noster, nono aetatis suae
anno, dominam Elisabeth filiam illustrissimi Regis Francorum lohannis in uxorem duxit,
quae erat neptis Caroli Imperatoris, filii lohannis Regis Bohemiae et Marchionis Novarlae,
quae fuit soror Regis Francorum Caroli et Ducis Andegaviae, Ducis Bituriae, et Ducis Bur-
gundiae, quae fuit avuncula nunc Regis Francorum et Ducis Aurelianensis. Ex qua genuit
filiam Valentinam, quam dicto Duci Aurelianensi matrimonio copulavit, ex qua exstant pul-
cherrima germina filiorum. Item consanguineus erat in quarto gradu cum Domino Impera-
tore Constantinopolitano, nam mater dicti patris Imperatoris fuit soror Comitis Sabaudiae
patris dominae Blancae huius nostri Ducis genitricis. Erat insuper consanguineus Regis
Hispaniae ex quadam consanguinea Domus Sabaudiae illi coniugio copulata. Item cum
Rege Angliae, nam filius suus dominus Leonetus Dux Clarentiae dominam Violantem
eius sororem duxit in uxorem. Item cum rege Cypri, cui unam ex consanguineis dominam
Angleriam consortio dedit. Item cum Ducibus Austriae. Bavariae, atque Marchionibus Mi-
sinensibus parentelas habebat ex consanguineis eis matrimonio traditis. Cum ceteris autem
Marchionibus, Comitibus, Principibus multas fecit parentelas, de quibus nimis longum esset
numerare. Nam mihi si lingiioc ccntiim forcnt, oraquc ccntiun. ut ait Virgilius, tuas non possem,
Dux inclyte, magnitudines enarrare. Gaude ergo in hoc urbs Mediolanensium, quia plus
gloriae contulit tibi hic Dux tuus in recuperatione antiquae dignitatis tuae, Ducatus videli-
cet, quam qui tuorum fundamenta primum posuere. Nam te totam illi obsequiosam praebe,
et quod non potes in patre, saltem in filio tuas gratitudines repende, Duce nunc lohanne
Maria Anglo. Et tu nobilissima Papia, olim Regum Langobardorum sedes magnifica, gaude,
non quod tuum sponsum atque Comitem perdideris, sed quod brachio suo ad antiquam li-
bertatem tuam redacta es. Cuius libertatis tibi successorem relinquit magnificum Philippum
Mariam Comitem, quem tuo sinu fove ac maxima diligentia serva. Dicamus ergo Duci
nostro illud Psalmi VIII : Elevata est magnificentia tua, o pater patriae, super coelos. Dica-



22

mus item de patre, et filiis, atque omnibus viris de Domo Vicecomitum illud quod Eccie-
siastici scribitur XLIV : Isti siint viri, quontin pictatcs non dcfiicriint, ct cum scminc ipsorum
persevcrat bona licrcditas ncpotum corum; scmcn corum ct gloria eorum non dcrclinquctur.

Sequitur secunda Stella luiius radii, quae est Intclligcntia, quam habuit in mutatione
rerum mundanarLun, sciens scrjptuin esse Danieiis II : Ipsc cnim nnitat tcmpora ct actates,
transfert regna atque constituit. Sed oro te, memorande F'rinceps, dic nobis de sepulchro,
quid de tua aliorumque sorte videatur ? et respondet : O vos, qui heic adstaris, attendite
et videte, permaxime superbi et alti Principes, attendite, inquam, rebelles Dei, attendite
coetus omnis : ubi sunt Caesares atque Reges non modo vetusti, sed quos nostra tulit aetas?
ubi eorum tremendae maiestates? quaerite de istis et de me, ubi nunc corporc habitemus ?
Ostendentur vobis exigua sepulchra, exornata ingeniis artificum, forte etiam gemmis auro-
que micantia, ut est ambitiosa non modo vita hominum, sed mors, secundum illud principis
Poetae : vivos cduccnt de marmorc vultus.

Ubi sunt epigrammata quoque magnifica, et tituli altisoni sed inanes, quos si legis,
obstupeas? Ubi nunc satellites armati, ubi puellarum greges, ubi ganymedes rcgius ad po-
culum deputatus? ubi coquinae artifices, et calidi sectores altilium ? ubi purpurea vestis et
ostrum substractum pedibus, et cornipedes aurea fraena mandentes, ubi supellex curiosior,
vasa Corynthia et Damascenorum labor artificum ? Ubi spectacula, cantus, et epulae, ubi
tot lenocinia voluptatum, luteique corpusculi tantus ornatus, et vertex diademate radians,
et baltheo rutilante succinctus ventriculus, et stellantes digiticuli spoliis Indici maris et scul-
ptorum ingeniis ? Ad postremum ubi coniunx imperiosa, ubi filii, sicut novellae plantationes
et filiae circumornatae ut similitudo templi, quae nuper blando attractu, et dulcibus osculis
non duraturi patris colla mulcebant ? O flebilis et infelix prorsus transformatio I Omnia mihi
in vermes, inque serpentes, omnia tandem in nihilum abiere. Ergo quicumque es, inquit
Dux noster, mcinor csto iudicii mci : sic crit ct tiium; scribitur Ecclesiastici XXVIII.

Sequitur tertia Stella huius radii, quae est Humilitas, quae in nostro Duce profunda
fuit; unde patres notate mirabilem erga Ducem nostrum Dei providentiam, ex qua se co-
gnovit de numero electorum, non reproborum, dicente Deo : Ego quos aino corrigo ct ca-
stigo. Numquam Dux noster aliquid prosperitatis aut laetitiae habuit in hac vita mortali,
quin statim post a Deo tangeretur aut in membris, aut in fama, aut rebus, ex quibus ina-
nem temperaret laetitiam, et electum a Deo se cognosceret; imitatus Principes Romanos,
qui dum currus triumphales agerent, opprobriis ac percussionibus eorum laetitia tempera-
batur. Et ideo sciens misericordiam Dei esse infinitam, in se ipsum humiliatus, reseratisque
luminibus mentis ante sui Creatoris maiestatem reminiscere coepit, quoties illum offenderat,
quoties in hoc vitae cursu cespitaverat, quoties aberraverat, quoties offenso pede ceciderat,
quot pudenda, quot dolenda, quot poenitenda commiserat ; meminit a quo factus erat, et
quantum sibi praestitum fuerat et quanti beneficii Deo debitor extiterat. Senserat etiam, quia
pulvis erat, et in pulverem resolvendus. Ex cuius salubri consideratione manibus cancellatis
in modum orantis cum gemitibus et lachrymis atque aniarissimis singultibus Deo illud
Psalmi dicebat: Dclicta iuventutis incac ct ignorantias rncas nc mcmineris Doininc : atque illud
aliud : Miserere niei Domine, quoniam infirmus suin : sana me Domine, quoniam conturbata
sunt omnia ossa inca. Usus consilio Augustini dicentis : Proiice te in eum : noli metucrc; non
tc subtrahct, ut cadas: proiice securus, cxcipict ct sanabit tc. Proiecit ergo se in eum, et
receptus est. Pulsavit, et apertum est ei : petiit, et accepit: quaesivit, et invenit iuxta E-
vangelicum documentum, quibus peractis accersito uno de suis fidelissimis scribi fecit



23

otnnia peccata sua, quae per omnem aetatem commiserat; quibus diligenter confessis sacra-
mentisque Ecclesiae devotissime susceptis, membris omnibus sui corporis incoiumis, integro
aspectu atque auditu, sana mente, sanoque consilio, extremam lioram veniens adstantibus
suis et Clero psallentibus, uitimam vocem, sciiicet in manus tuas Domine commendo spi-
ritiint niciun, cum spiritu Creatori suo reddidit, a quo acceperat, ad sedes pacificas Ange-
ioruin, ut pie credimus, iam periatum, ubi Dei misericordiam et saiutem animae suae inven-
tam multo ditior effectus, quam quisquam Regum cum pompis suis omnibus, inter quas
coeci superbiunt, suique Ducatus liabenas nobilissimae proli suae, strenuissimoque nunc
Duci Medioianensium regendas ac moderandas feliciter reliquit, nunc cuncta ex alto despi-
ciens. Patet igitur pars nostra minor probata, videlicet, quod Dux noster inclytus mente
coelo deditus aeterni Ducis signa mirifice est sequutus. Ergo bene concluditur, quod po-
suit eum, scilicet Deus, Ducem Virtutum universarum, quod fuit probandum. Corona igitur
aurea supcr caput cius cxpressa signo sanctitatis, gloriac, honoris et opus fortitudinis , scri-
bitur Ecclesiastici XII. Duci ergo nostro persolvamus illud Maroneum :
In freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae
Lustrabunt, convexa polus dum sidera pascet,
Semper honos (inclyte Dux) nomenque tuum, laudesque manebunt.
Gaude ergo, Magnifice Dux, dignus aeterna memoria: iterum dico gaude de caduco te
fragilique dominio ad coeleste, ut pie credimus, translatum, nosque una tecum ad easdem
sedes, dum tempus aderit, duc felicissimas, ad quas dignetur Altissimus nos omnes tran-
sferre, qui est benedictus in secula seculorum, Amen.
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Re: What are the documents for Marziano's dates?

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Detail of the 12 Virtues around which Pietro Castelletto based his sermon. He note that the number was inspired by Apocalypse XII (verse 1), "and upon her head a crown of twelve stars" (in capite eius corona stellarum duodecim, where eius can be "his" as well as "hers," which allows the image to apply to Gian Galeazzo as well).

I wrote up a summary of the virtues and the names in the genealogy after I hand-copied from the manuscript in 2003.
http://trionfi.com/visconti-genealogy


http://www.rosscaldwell.com/marzianotex ... rtues2.jpg

The order he gives them in are (bottom front) Faith, Hope, Charity.
Back left (Castelletto says "right", as if speaking from the point of view of the image), Justice, Fortitude, Temperance.
Front right (Castelletto "left") Prudence, Piety, Clemency.
Back right, Magnificence, Intelligence, Humility.

They are listed from the center outward, so not in a mechanical left-right order as we would habitually list them.

I noticed a mistake in Muratori/Maiocchi, the reference to the crown of twelve stars which they give as "Apocalypse VII" (column 1039 E and page 14, respectively). This didn't sound right, and sure enough the Paris manuscript, surely the original (since it was the Visconti presentation copy), says "Apocalypse XII" (1v line 26).
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Re: What are the documents for Marziano's dates?

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Ross G. R. Caldwell wrote: 02 Apr 2020, 08:57 ...
Castelletto says (f. 4 line 18) Aeneas is "filii Anchisis ex Venere iuniore filia Iovis," the son of Anchises from Venus junior, the daughter of Jove. Now the story of Anchises and Venus is in Boccaccio (VI, 51), and in the Vatican mythographers, but they do not say which Venus it is, just that he was loved by Venus. So it is unclear to me what Castelletto might have meant by "Venus junior," as opposed to the other Venuses. But in DSH it doesn't matter, they are all conflated, and this story is not part of Marziano's description, although we can assume that he and Filippo Maria knew the genealogy.

The full sentence is:

Anglus ergo filius Ascanii filii Enee filii Anchisis ex Venere iuniore filia Iovis, venit ad has Ligurie partes et edificavit civitatem Anglerie a quo hic dux nostrei novellus Anglus appellatur.

Now Anglus, the son of Ascanius the son of Aeneas the son of Anchises from Venus Junior the daughter of Jove, came to these regions of Liguria and built the city of Angleria, after which this our new duke is called Anglus.

We don't have to assume Castelletto combined all references to Venus as did Marziano, and indeed "Venus the younger/junior" disabuses us of that notion. Boccaccio opens with Venus Magna, daughter of Sky and Day (III.22), and then proceeds to the second Venus (secundam, III.23), born from Saturn's castrated genitals. The latter must be Castelletto's Venus the younger/junior.

The second one is by no means insignificant as her story involves many stories pertaining to Cyprus, and Boccacio's dedicatee is none other than the King of Cyprus, Hugo IV (Boccaccio even addresses the king directly in this section). But first Boccaccio says the scythe that emasculated Saturn fell to Sicily....which is from where Aeneas is blown by Aeolus to Africa and Dido. Later Boccaccio specifies the Sicilian city of Drepanum (aka Drepana, modern Trepani), as what ultimately became of the sickle or scythe (its mentioned both ways), which is the site in the Aeneid aof the death and funeral games of Anchises (III.23.6; incidentally, on the way to Sicily, father and son consult the oracle of Apollo at Delos, at which point Marziano must have conflated Delphi with Delos, not realizing the latter had its own oracle - that is a crucial slip-up pointing to the Aeneid as being on Marziano's mind).

In Marziano, Venus heads up the suit of Pleasures, and in this regard Boccaccio says of this second Venus is equally of that vice as the first: "I understand this Venus the life of pleasure and everything relating to pleasure and lust she is one and the same as the preceding Venus. Fulgentius also seems to think this" (II.23.3). This certainly would have allowed for the conflation.

However, Boccaccio adds details for the second Venus that reminds me of the Visconti Leaf (57v) with the "abridged" genealogy, which must be referencing Castelletto. After citing Ovid and Virgil for Venus's sea birth, he says Venus was offered roses (III.23.3); later on he elaborates on the symbolism of roses:
As for other things associated with Venus, they say that roses were put under her guardianship because they are red and have thorns; these seem to be appropriate for lust since we grow red from the disgrace of sin and are vexed by the thorn of a sin of which we are conscious (3.23.11).
And in the Visconti Hours leaf we find Filippo looking up his genealogical line, beneath the transfer of blame to Eve for Original Sin (and Filippo's checks are more pink in my copy of the VH versus the on-line version), as suggested in Boccaccio (and note the bearded man also wearing roses, likely the father Giangaleazzo who first commissioned the VH, stares intently at the transfer of blame to Eve):

Visconti Hours 57v.jpg Visconti Hours 57v.jpg Viewed 93512 times 151.45 KiB
I assume the red roses are mixed with white ones to note that the Visconti are Christian (white = faith), and will be saved from the Fall (unlike pagans).

Eventually the bifurcation of Venus gets standardized into a "Venus Urania" (highly sublimated by neo-Platonism) and a terrestrial Venus. But I believe Marziano's had to especially combine the two Venuses as the format of 16 in the DSH was based on Capella's 16 divisions of the heavens, and thus Marziano leads off with Venus ("daughter of Sky" as Magna), the morning star. More on Capella in a different post.

Phaeded

Re: What are the documents for Marziano's dates?

200
That genealogy in the Visconti Hours is hard to interpret past Gian Galeazzo. I would assume that the small figure under him is Giovanni Maria. But what about the rest?


http://www.rosscaldwell.com/marzianotex ... final2.jpg

The guy facing Gian Galeazzo on the other side has a laurel wreath and a beard. In Michelino's genealogy, beards appear on Gian Galeazzo's father Galeazzo (II), and his father Stefano. Matteo, overleaf, does not have one, then Teobaldo does, then they are all beardless until the ancient ones (there is a "Fatius Comes", probably hundreds of years earlier).

So I'll assume that it is Gian Galeazzo's father Galeazzo. Who is the other son, below him? Did Gian Galeazzo have a brother?

Then who is the beardless one on top? Maybe Matteo one, who established the dynasty? Or Anglus, or Anchises...
Image